Cov txheej txheem:
Video: Yuav ua li cas ib qho ntawm phau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tau tshwm sim: "Phau ntawv nplua nuj ntawm cov sijhawm ntawm Duke of Berry"
2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06
Cov kwv tij Limburgsky - Paul, Jean thiab Erman - yog cov neeg pleev xim me me, XIV -XV ib puas xyoo. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav lawv tau tswj hwm los tsim ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm Gothic lig - "Phau ntawv nplua nuj ntawm cov teev ntawm Duke of Berry".
Kev hais lus zoo ntawm Duke of Berry yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg muaj suab npe nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau nruab nrab thaum ub. Lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm Hnub Nyoog Kawg yog qhov teeb meem: nws suav txog kev kis mob loj tshaj plaws (kab mob plague) thiab ua tsov rog ntev tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau poob ntau zaus. Txawm li cas los xij, tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv kab lis kev cai, uas hauv ntau qhov kev hwm tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab niaj hnub.
Cov kwv tij biography
Cov kwv tij Paul, Jean thiab Erman tuaj ntawm lub nroog Nijmegen, tam sim no yog ib feem ntawm Netherlands, tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg muaj tswv yim (lawv txiv yog tus kws puab, thiab lawv niam ntxawm yog tus kws kos duab nto moo uas ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev ntawm Duke ntawm Burgundy). Los ntawm nruab nrab -1400s txog rau nruab nrab-1800s, cov kwv tij cov qub txeeg qub teg tau ploj mus, txog thaum xyoo 1856 tus neeg mob siab rau bibliophile, Duke of Amal, tau txais Duke of Berry's Sumptuous Hourly Book, uas pab txhawb txoj kev kawm ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab nws cov kws sau ntawv. Cov kwv tij yug xyoo tsis paub pes tsawg. Tag nrho peb tus neeg tau ntseeg tias tau tuag vim yog tus mob plague uas tau tshwm sim rau Tebchaws Europe xyoo 1416, thaum muaj hnub nyoog li 30 xyoo. Qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab lub neej nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub sijhawm no, cov kwvtij tau tsim los ua ntau txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab zoo kawg li. Cov kwvtij txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim pib thaum lawv raug xa mus kawm nrog tus kws ua paj ntaub Parisian. Qhov kev cob qhia - ib txwm muaj ntawm cov kws txawj txua ntoo hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog - tau kav ntev txog xya xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no yog lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov, thiab tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, cov tub raug xa mus tsev nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus kab mob plague (1399). Ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev mus rau Nijmegen, lawv raug ntes thiab thov kom txhiv lawv. Cov neeg pluag tsis ntev los no tus poj ntsuam tsis muaj txoj hauv kev them nyiaj rau nws cov menyuam txoj kev ywj pheej. Thiab tsuas yog ib nrab xyoo tom qab, ua tsaug rau tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm lawv txiv ntxawm, Duke of Burgundy, uas tau them ib nrab ntawm tus nqi txhiv (lwm qhov ib nrab tau coj los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub), cov kwv tij raug tso tawm. Tom qab nws tso tawm, Duke of Burgundy tau ua rau cov kwv tij hauv tsev hais plaub ua haujlwm me me thiab qhia lawv kom sau "Phau Ntawv Teev Ntuj Kev Ncaj Ncees", uas tam sim no nyob hauv Paris National Library. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Duke ntawm Burgundy, cov kwv tij tau mus ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus tij laug, Duke ntawm Beria. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas "Luxurious Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry" tau tsim nrog nws 130 daim duab me me uas tau dai nrog kub, nyiaj thiab ntau dua 3000 lub npe me me. Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv Gothic qhov me me thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Jean, Paul thiab Erman. Cov keeb kwm ntawm Limburg cov kwv tij tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj zog Duke of Berry - tus thawj coj ntawm kev kos duab thiab tus neeg sau tshwj xeeb, nrog rau cov ntawv sau uas lawv tsim rau nws.
Phau ntawv teev dab tsi
Raws li txoj cai, phau ntawv sau sau nrog phau ntawv thov Vajtswv raug hu ua saib cov phau ntawv lossis cov saib. Nyob rau thawj nplooj ntawv yog daim ntawv qhia hnub, uas tau suav nrog cov lus piv txwv ntawm lub hli, nrog rau cov cim ntawm zodiac. Qhov no tau ua raws los ntawm kev hu nkauj ntawm sab ntsuj plig, uas suav nrog kev nyeem vaj lug kub thiab kev thov Vajtswv. Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txoj hlua khi zoo nkauj. Phau Ntawv Teev Sijhawm nyob rau XIV-XVI ib puas xyoo tau ua khoom plig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev qhuas kev tshoob, yug thawj tus menyuam lossis lwm yam kev ua koob tsheej. Cov ntawv me me ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub, nyob ntawm lub caij nyoog, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev lom zem ntawm ib lub hlis twg, txawv xim thiab sib dhos. Piv txwv li, Lub Ib Hlis yog kev ua koob tsheej, ci ntsa iab, nrov nrov, lub rooj loj tau npog nrog cov ntaub pua rooj dawb, muaj ntau tus neeg dawb nyob hauv cov khaub ncaws nyob rau tom hauv ntej, ntxoov nrog qhov me me ntawm xiav, yog lub cim ntawm daus thiab lub caij ntuj no. Txhua qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub hli hauv phau ntawv teev teev nrog rau daim ntawv qhia hnub sib ntsib.
Kev sib sau ntawm phau ntawv teev teev
Phau Ntawv Teev Npe Luxurious muaj ntau cov duab puv nplooj, suav nrog nplooj ntawv teev sijhawm, uas qhia txog kev ua liaj ua teb uas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb zoo siab tau sau qoob loo. Hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los yog cov tsev fuabtais thiab toj roob hauv pes, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm tus neeg siv khoom - Duke of Berry. Tus neeg siv khoom nws tus kheej tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv teev teev. Piv txwv li, hauv tib Lub Ib Hlis, peb pom cov duab ntawm duke zaum ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub rooj thaum sib pauv khoom plig. Nplooj ntawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub rooj zoo nkauj nrog ntau lub tais - lub cim ntawm duke qhov muaj nyiaj thiab saj zoo. Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov cim xwm txheej - tus cwj pwm ntawm duke nws tus kheej rau duke, xws li paj yeeb daj hauv cov voj xiav saum cov duke. Cov keeb kwm yav dhau yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntaub pua tsev nrog cov tub rog tawm ntawm lub tsev fuabtais.
Lub caij no, nplooj ntawv Lub Ob Hlis coj peb mus rau tom qab lub caij ntuj no txias. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lub nroog npog nrog daus yog qhov ua rau. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov phiaj xwm - cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nrog tus nees luav taug kev raws txoj kev, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm nplooj ntawv yog tus neeg zej zog mob siab rau txiav ntoo. Hauv ntej yog lub tsev ntoo me me nrog tus tswv tsev thiab lwm tus hauv tsev neeg ua kom sov los ntawm qhov txias.
Kev suav nrog zodiacal system hauv phau ntawv teev teev yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav paub. Rau txhua nplooj ntawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub, qhov kos npe rau astrological sib xws tau pom nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nplooj ntawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hnub qub. Qhov no yog vim tias cov hnub qub tsis txuas nrog rau daim ntawv qhia hnub ua liaj ua teb. Txawm tias lub tsev teev ntuj daim ntawv qhia hnub siv lub cim ntawm lub zodiac los xam cov hnub so. "Lub Duke ntawm Berry's Sumptuous Hourly Book" rau ntau pua xyoo tseem yog qhov piv txwv ci ntsa iab ntawm kev qhia ntawm Gothic style lig hauv cov ntawv nyeem.
Pom zoo:
Dab tsi yog phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv txhais lus uas xav tau kom nkag siab keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb dhau los, thiab cov kab lus hauv phau encyclopedias thiab phau ntawv txhais lus kawg 10 - 15 xyoo. Hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Wikipedia, cov ntawv siv tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, Wikipedia, thaum hloov kho nrawm dua, yog tsis sib xws. Muaj cov ntawv zoo thiab muaj cov uas tsis muaj zog. Thiab tseem, peb muaj dab tsi niaj hnub no hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Kawg Thaum Ntxov?
Phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv twg uas koj yuav tsum tau nyeem kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
Cia peb pib nrog … tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis tsim nyog hais txog phau ntawv no yog tias lawv yog cov phau ntawv zoo tib yam, tab sis lawv yog cov phau ntawv uas txawv thiab sim tau. Ntxiv rau lawv ob phau ntawv qub thiab tus nyeem ntawv, thiab qhov ntawd yog peb cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm rau
Cov lus zais ntawm cov poj niam nplua nuj: poj niam nplua nuj ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws zoo li cas thiab lawv ua ke li cas?
Cov poj niam nplua nuj ntawm kev zam tau siv sijhawm ntau rau kev yuav khoom. Xijpeem leej twg yuav hais, tab sis peb tseem ntsib los ntawm khaub ncaws. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus neeg, cov lus xaus tuaj yeem hais txog nws txoj kev nyiam, kev xav thiab txawm tias muaj nyiaj. Cov poj niam muaj nyiaj nplua nuj ntawm kev zam siv zog kom saib zoo nkauj thiab txwv nyob hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej. Puas yog lawv ib txwm ua tiav?
Yuav ua li cas cov nyiaj tau los ntawm qhov nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, zais hauv qab dej ntawm qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj Lake Ontario
Ib lub pob zeb me me nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Lake Ontario yog qhov muaj nyiaj nplua nuj. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsuas yog cov hlau uas muaj nqi no yog npau suav phem. Silver Island Mine, paub tias yog lub ntiaj teb cov nyiaj nplua nuj tshaj plaws, zaum hauv qab dej khov ntawm Lake Superior. Cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb heev no feem ntau raug saib xyuas los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiav. Feem ntau ntawm cov miners, thaum tuaj txog, pom zoo ua txoj haujlwm no. Lwm tus tau ncaim mus tas li, ntseeg tias txoj kev mus
Cov neeg nplua nuj nplua nuj tshaj plaws uas tseem ua kom tau nyiaj, txawm tias lawv twb ploj mus lawm
Muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej rau qhov muaj koob meej tiag tiag, thiab ib qho ntawm lawv (tej zaum yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws) yog tus neeg tau nco txog txawm tias tom qab kev tuag. Koj puas paub tias qee tus neeg ua yeeb yam uas tau mus rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm lwm tus neeg muaj koob npe tsis yog tsuas yog nco thiab hlub, lawv tseem ua kom tau nyiaj ntxiv (ntxiv mus, txiav txim siab)? Qhov nrov tshaj tawm ntawm Forbes, los ntawm txoj kev, khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo thiab txhua xyoo suav sau qhov kev ntaus nqi ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe tuag coob tshaj plaws. Nrhiav seb leej twg nkag mus rau nws