Cov txheej txheem:
- B. Boytsov M., Shukurov R. Keeb Kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog: Phau ntawv rau qib VII ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. - M. 1995
- Gurevich A. Ya., Kharitonovich D. E. Keeb Kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. M. 1995
- Medieval Europe hla lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig thiab keeb kwm. Nyeem phau ntawv hauv tsib ntu. Lub luag haujlwm kho tus kws kho mob keeb kwm A. L. Yastrebitskaya. M. 1995
- Keeb kwm ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab hauv 2 ntu (kho los ntawm S. P. Karpov) - tsab ntawv thib 6. M. 2008
- Helmut Koenigsberger: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Tebchaws Europe hauv Hnub Nyoog 400 - 1500. M. 2001 / Helmut Koenigsberger. Tebchaws Europe ntawm Lub Sijhawm Niaj Hnub Niaj Hnub 1500 - 1789. M. 2006
- Keeb Kwm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog: Los ntawm kev poob ntawm Western Roman Empire mus rau Charlemagne (476-768) (Sau los ntawm MM Stasyulevich - St. Petersburg 2001) / Los ntawm Charlemagne mus rau Crusades (768-1096) (Comp. MM Stasyulevich. - St. Petersburg 2001) / Crusades (1096–1291) (Sau los ntawm MM Stasyulevich. - St. Petersburg 2001)
- Kolesnitsky NF, Keeb Kwm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog. Moscow xyoo 1986
- Keeb Kwm ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Poob Slavs: Hauv 2 ntu Vol. 1. Lub Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab Lub Sijhawm Niaj Hnub: Phau ntawv, ed. G. F. Matveeva thiab Z. S. Nenasheva. - 2nd tsab. - M. 2001: kuv
Video: Phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv twg uas koj yuav tsum tau nyeem kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06
Cia peb pib nrog … tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis tsim nyog hais txog phau ntawv no yog tias lawv yog cov phau ntawv zoo tib yam, tab sis lawv yog cov phau ntawv uas txawv thiab sim tau. Ntxiv rau lawv ob phau ntawv qub thiab tus nyeem ntawv, thiab qhov ntawd yog peb cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm rau.
B. Boytsov M., Shukurov R. Keeb Kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog: Phau ntawv rau qib VII ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. - M. 1995
Phau ntawv zoo heev rau qib xya. Phau ntawv tau sau ua lus Lavxias zoo thiab yooj yim. Koj li tau muaj kev zoo siab kawm me ntsis ntawm nws. Peb cov version tau nyob hauv ob ntu. Nws tau nyob hauv peb lub tsev kawm ntawv rau kev nyeem ntawv ntxiv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb uas peb muaj yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, tus qauv thiab cov ntawv kawm qub dhau los ntawm Agibalova thiab Donskoy, uas twb tau ntev dhau lawm rau kev so haujlwm.
Cov kws sau phau ntawv yog cov kws tshawb fawb loj, thiab tsis yog cov xibfwb lossis cov kws qhia txuj ci xwb. Mikhail Boytsov yog tus kws tshaj lij nyob hauv nruab nrab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Rustam Shukurov - hauv Byzantium, Turkic ntiaj teb thiab Iran. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias thaum sau ntawv, lawv tau sim tsis tsuas yog thiab tsis ntau npaum li txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb rau hauv cov ntawv, tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, los tsim cov duab zoo ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo. Raws sijhawm, phau ntawv qhia txog IV-XV ib-paus xyoo. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib txwm mob siab rau Western Europe, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv ntawm Slavs, nqe lus hais txog kev tshwm sim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua Muslim, thiab tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv phau ntawv kawm yog nyob ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Eastern Roman Empire. Nyias, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ntau tau sau txog medieval kab lis kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li kab lis kev cai hauv txhua phau ntawv ib txwm raug kev txom nyem. Lawv sau txog nws kawg thiab, hmoov tsis, nyeem nws ntawm qhov seem. Nws yog qhov xav paub uas cov kws sau ntawv qhia rau hauv cov lus piav qhia uas tsis yog tus qauv rau qib kawm ntawv qib 7. Piv txwv li, lawv tham txog keeb kwm ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm King Arthur, cov lus dab neeg ntawm Presbyter John, thiab txawm tias ua rau pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm hesychasm.
Qhov muaj zog tshaj ntawm Boytsov thiab Shukurov phau ntawv yog cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv. Qhov tseeb dua, tsis ntxiv, tab sis sib npaug nrog cov ntawv tseem ceeb. Tom qab txhua kab lus, muaj cov lus txiav tawm loj los ntawm kev txhais cov ntawv hauv nruab nrab. Yog li, qhov kev qhia no tseem yog qhov nyeem me ntsis. Kev xaiv cov ntawv hauv nruab nrab kuj tseem yog qhov qub. Yog li, nrog cov lus cia siab ntawm cov kws kho mob ntev xws li Jordan, Procopius of Caesarea, Gregory of Tours, muaj ib qho kev hais tawm los ntawm "Consolation of Philosophy" los ntawm Severin Boethius; ntau paj huam: Arabic, nkauj ntawm Crusades, Nkauj Roland, Romance ntawm Fox, paj huam ntawm troubadours, thiab lwm yam. tus sau lawv tus kheej hais tias, lawv yog qee qhov xaiv tau. Cov duab thiab duab qhia chaw tau zoo. Muaj tseeb, hauv kuv qhov kev tshaj tawm kuv raug yuam kev los ntawm kev kos npe rau daim duab piav qhia lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Crac de Chevalier. Nws hais tias qhov no yog Tsev fuabtais Templar, tab sis qhov tseeb, nws yog tsev kho mob. Tej zaum nws yuav tuaj yeem ntes qee qhov me me "fleas" hauv cov ntawv, tab sis qhov no tsis yog peb txoj haujlwm tam sim no.
Feem ntau, cov ntawv nyeem tau nthuav heev los nyeem thiab, hauv peb lub tswv yim, yuav haum rau tsis tsuas yog me me tab sis kuj loj.
Gurevich A. Ya., Kharitonovich D. E. Keeb Kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. M. 1995
Phau ntawv no yog qee yam ntawm phau ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm thiab tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv. Tsis xav tias phau ntawv kawm tsis hais tias chav kawm nws yog rau dab tsi. Nws cov neeg nyeem feem ntau yuav yog cov menyuam kawm ntawv laus tshaj plaws lossis cov tub ntxhais kawm. Kuv tus kheej tau paub txog nws tsuas yog thaum kuv xyaum qhia. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws feem ntau tsuas yog siv los ua kev pab ntxiv. Phau ntawv tau sau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb "keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm" thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, txawm tias los ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Aron Yakovlevich Gurevich yog ib tus neeg loj tshaj plaws nyob nruab nrab nruab nrab hauv peb lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, tau lees paub ua tus thawj coj hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab txawv teb chaws. D. E. Kharitonovich tseem yog tus kws tshawb fawb loj heev.
Cov ntawv tau sau tsis txaus siab dua li Boytsov thiab Shukurov, tab sis tseem ceeb dua. Raws li keeb kwm, phau ntawv qhia txog lub sijhawm txij lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Western Roman Empire mus rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, uas yog, tsis yog tsuas yog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, tab sis kuj tseem qee yam uas tam sim no feem ntau hu ua Early Modern Time. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov duab qhia tau zoo. Pab lub rooj thiab. Ntxiv mus, qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog lub sijhawm sib tham, tab sis tseem muaj phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tau piav qhia hauv cov ntawv ntawm phau ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog hais txog cov ntawv loj - lawv tuaj yeem pom tom kawg ntawm phau ntawv. Muaj, qhov kawg, muaj cov npe ntawm cov ntawv sau dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev qhia no yog qhov ua tau zoo. Hauv keeb kwm kev nom tswv, piv txwv li, muaj cov phiaj xwm sib dhos, tsis txawv rau phau ntawv nyeem, ntawm "lub tswv yim ntawm kev muaj teb chaws", nws muaj nyob hauv tib neeg lub siab tom qab kev poob ntawm Rome hauv Sab Hnub Poob thiab kev hloov pauv hauv Carolingian thiab Lub sijhawm Ottonian. Feem ntau, tsis mob siab rau keeb kwm kev nom kev tswv, kev coj noj coj ua ntau dua thiab tshwj xeeb yog kev xav ntawm tus txiv neej nruab nrab thiab nws lub neej niaj hnub. Cov no yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, tshooj hauv ntu peb ntawm phau ntawv: "Kev hloov pauv hauv daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog", "Daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb: lub ntiaj teb hauv ntiaj teb thiab lub ntiaj teb dhau ntawm qhov ntxa", "Thaum yau, hluas, cov hluas "," Pogroms thiab lawv cov neeg raug tsim txom "," Lub ntiaj teb kev npau suav thiab kev lom zem "," Lub neej niaj hnub nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. " Qhov tsis zoo ntawm phau ntawv suav nrog kev saib xyuas me ntsis rau Byzantine Empire (tsuas yog lub sijhawm IV-VIII ib puas xyoo) thiab yuav luag tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm Slavs. Keeb kwm ntawm Arab Caliphate, zoo li hauv phau ntawv dhau los, tau nthuav tawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntxov.
Raws li qhov xaus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog phau ntawv qhia paub zoo heev, txaus nyiam heev rau cov neeg nyeem nyeem.
Medieval Europe hla lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig thiab keeb kwm. Nyeem phau ntawv hauv tsib ntu. Lub luag haujlwm kho tus kws kho mob keeb kwm A. L. Yastrebitskaya. M. 1995
Tsib ntu:
Tshooj ib. Kev yug thiab tsim ntawm Medieval Europe nyob rau xyoo 5th-9th. Ntu ob. European ntiaj teb. X-XV ib.
Tshooj peb. Tus txiv neej Medieval thiab nws lub ntiaj teb. Ntu plaub. Los ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog mus rau Niaj Hnub No. Tus neeg tshiab.
Tshooj tsib. Ib tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb hloov pauv.
Cov phau ntawv no yog ib feem ntawm kab lus "Ntiaj Teb Keeb Kwm thiab Kab lis kev cai dhau los ntawm Lub Qhov Muag ntawm Kev Sib Tham thiab Cov Keeb Kwm" luam tawm los ntawm Interprax Publishing House. Yog tias koj hla dhau ib phau ntawv hauv kab ntawv no, coj lawv yam tsis tos. Nov yog tsab ntawv zoo thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg pom. Nrhiav nws hauv daim ntawv yog tam sim no nyuaj heev. Nws tau muag raws li phau ntawv rau cov kws qhia ntawv thiab, tej zaum, rau cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab hauv tsev. Phau ntawv tsib-ntim yuav haum rau cov neeg laus ib yam. Zoo li phau ntawv dhau los, qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev paub ntawm Soviet keeb kwm nrog kev ua tiav ntawm Western kev tshawb fawb, uas feem ntau raug kaw rau cov neeg nyeem hauv tsev txog thaum 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Kev taw qhia txog kev nyiam thoob ntiaj teb ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav hauv kev tshawb fawb Lavxias nruab nrab, uas ib nrab txuas ntxiv mus txog niaj hnub no. Cov phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb tshiab uas rov qab mus rau qhov kev hloov pauv uas tau ua los ntawm qhov hu ua "tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Annals" thiab hauv qhov kev hwm no tseem nyob nrog phau ntawv Gurevich thiab Kharitonovich. Cov phau ntawv suav nrog kev sau cov ntawv sau sib cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab kab lus los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov ntawv los ntawm cov peev txheej. Ob leeg tau muab rau hauv daim ntawv ntxiv. Txhua yam no tau sau ua lus zoo thiab nyeem tau zoo. Muaj cov npe luv ntawm kev nyeem ntxiv nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm txhua ntu.
Kuv zoo siab tshwj xeeb nrog kev qhia piav qhia txog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb tshiab yog dab tsi, thiab nyob hauv lub xeev twg nws yog lub sijhawm tig ntawm XX-XXI ib puas xyoo thiab, ib feem, nws yog tam sim no. Tshooj lus no tsis tau xav txog tsuas yog phau ntawv nyeem xwb. Qee qhov kev sau ntawv, txawm li cas los xij, yuav zoo li qub rau tus nyeem ntawv paub txog lub ncauj lus. Qhov phem tshaj yog tej zaum nrog Crusades. Lub ntsiab lus no twb yog lub tswv yim heev. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias tus neeg sau cov ntawv sau tsis tau paub lossis, rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, tsis hais txog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb sab hnub poob. Qhov no yog inertia ntawm Soviet txoj kev. Tej zaum muaj qee yam zoo sib xws hauv lwm ntu uas tsis tshua paub kuv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis ua rau qhov kev xav tag nrho ntawm cov phau ntawv. Yog tias kuv raug nug kom sau npe tsis yog kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb dawb huv, uas yog, tsis yog ib qho monograph uas cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab ntse tuaj yeem pib paub nrog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, Kuv yuav sau cov phau ntawv no. Kuv tsis paub ib qho analog rau lawv. Kuv xav qhia lawv ntxiv rau phau ntawv qhia los ntawm Gurevich thiab Kharitonovich, thiab, tejzaum nws, mus rau phau ntawv kawm niaj hnub yooj yim. Hauv qhov xwm txheej tom kawg, cov khoom siv feem ntau yuav sib tshooj tsawg dua. Kuv tsuas tuaj yeem khuv xim tias phau ntawv no tsis nyob hauv kuv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Muaj tseeb, tom qab ntawv ntawm kev qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv kuv yuav tau txais ntau yam kev dhuav.
Tam sim no peb dhau los ntawm cov phau ntawv rau menyuam yaus rau cov laus.
Keeb kwm ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab hauv 2 ntu (kho los ntawm S. P. Karpov) - tsab ntawv thib 6. M. 2008
Nov yog phau ntawv Lavxias ib txwm nyob ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub pib. Thawj ntim yog los ntawm 5th-15th centuries; ntim thib ob - XVI -XVII ib -paus xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov khoom siv ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Yav Qab Teb Slavs ntawm no. Muaj nyias phau ntawv rau lawv kawm. Phau ntawv no tau sau los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb, ntseeg tau, muab lub tswv yim zoo rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm lub sijhawm, tab sis, raws li qhov haum rau phau ntawv qhia tsev kawm ntawv raug, nws yog qhov txaus siab. Rau tus nyeem ntawv siab dua, nws muaj txiaj ntsig tsis ntau rau nws cov ntawv raws li ntu "Bibliography". Txawm li cas los xij, nws ib txwm tsim nyog los kho cov khoom tsis nco qab.
Helmut Koenigsberger: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Tebchaws Europe hauv Hnub Nyoog 400 - 1500. M. 2001 / Helmut Koenigsberger. Tebchaws Europe ntawm Lub Sijhawm Niaj Hnub Niaj Hnub 1500 - 1789. M. 2006
Ob phau ntawv no - ib feem ntawm peb ntu Keeb Kwm ntawm Tebchaws Europe - yog qhov nthuav heev. Nov yog phau ntawv nrov heev hauv tebchaws Askiv. Lawv yog qhov nthuav, ua ntej tshaj plaws, rau kev sib piv nrog cov neeg sib tw hauv tsev. Koenigsberger cov phau ntawv nthuav dav dav txog keeb kwm European. Tib lub sijhawm, nws txoj haujlwm yog tswvyim. Cov phau ntawv nyeem tau zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv pom kev, lawv yog, hmoov tsis, luv heev. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia ua ntej rau thawj ntim los ntawm D. E. Kharitonovich, kom rov hais dua, uas kuv tsis xav rov hais dua, yog li peb yuav txwv peb tus kheej rau qhov lus ceeb toom heev. Cov phau ntawv no tsis muaj kev nkag siab yuam kev los teb qhov kev xeem, tab sis lawv muab lub tswv yim zoo thiab muaj cov kev xav nthuav. Qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev mus rau kev qhia yog pom meej ntawm no. Nco tseg tseem hais txog keeb kwm ntawm ntu thib ob. Cov xwm txheej sab saud ntawm Lub Sij Hawm Niaj Hnub Nyoog raug kos tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog lossis, raws li kev coj noj coj ua hauv Soviet lub sijhawm (tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm Late Middle Ages tau siv), raws li Kev Hloov Kho Lus Askiv ntawm xyoo pua 17th, tab sis kuj, feem ntau, thaum pib ntawm Fab Kis Kev Tawm Tsam ntawm 1789. Peb tuaj yeem pom zoo cov ntawv no los ua lub hauv paus rau kev nyeem ntawv ntau dua, tab sis tsis yog thawj phau ntawv tseem ceeb. Phau ntawv dhau los zoo dua rau lub hom phiaj no.
Thiab, thaum kawg, tus nyeem ntawv. Tsis yog tib qho uas muaj nyob hauv, tab sis qhov xav paub tshaj plaws.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog: Los ntawm kev poob ntawm Western Roman Empire mus rau Charlemagne (476-768) (Sau los ntawm MM Stasyulevich - St. Petersburg 2001) / Los ntawm Charlemagne mus rau Crusades (768-1096) (Comp. MM Stasyulevich. - St. Petersburg 2001) / Crusades (1096–1291) (Sau los ntawm MM Stasyulevich. - St. Petersburg 2001)
Qhov peb-ntim ib tsab no yog cov keeb kwm keeb kwm sau los ntawm Lavxias ua ntej kev hloov pauv keeb kwm keeb kwm, kws sau ntawv xov xwm thiab pej xeem daim duab M. M. Stasyulevich. Kev hloov kho niaj hnub no yog qhov zoo, muab nrog cov duab piav qhia, daim duab qhia chaw thiab cov ntxhuav hauv daim ntawv ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb yog nws cov ntsiab lus. Cov phau ntawv no yog sau los ntawm cov ntawv sau nruab nrab hauv nruab nrab los ntawm peb lub sijhawm, cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm 17th thiab 19th caug xyoo. Yog li, nws kuj tseem yog tus nyeem me ntsis txog keeb kwm kev paub keeb kwm. Thaum xub thawj, phau ntawv no tau npaj rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv, tab sis tam sim no nws haum rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov laus. Raws li ib txwm muaj, Kuv tau tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv ntu thib peb ntawm Crusades. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, muaj ntau tus neeg yuav tsum tau sau ntawv, tsis yog tsuas yog Western, tab sis kuj yog ib nrab Muslim thiab Byzantine. Rau lub sijhawm ua ntej kev tawm tsam, qib yog qhov zoo. Nws kuj tau nthuav los nyeem qhov kev ntsuas ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm. Muaj tseeb, muaj tsawg heev ntawm lawv hauv qhov ntim no - tsuas yog peb qhov kev txiav tawm: Michaud hauv tshooj ntawm Thawj Crusade, tau kawg, Gibbon ntawm Byzantium ua ntej kev kov yeej ntawm Constantinople los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog thiab Jourdain ntawm Cov Menyuam Crusade. Raws li rau thawj ob ntu, muaj cov npe ntawm ob tus neeg nruab nrab thiab niaj hnub no zoo li tsim nyog.
Kuv yuav tsum hais txog ib qho tsis yooj yim ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm no, uas yog sau cov npe thiab lus. Txij li qhov no yog qhov rov ua ncaj ncees, txhua yam tau ploj mus zoo li nws tau nrog Stasyulevich, qee zaum lub qhov muag kaw rau nws twb thaum saib cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm Fab Kis Augustin Thierry yog Russified hauv Augustine Thierry. Ib yam yog nrog cov npe nruab nrab, hais tias, Egingard thiab Boaeddin hloov chaw ib txwm Einhard thiab Baha ad-Din. Nws tau dhau los ua kev lom zem nrog tus tsim ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm Franks. Leej twg yog Claudoway, Kuv xav li ob peb feeb. Nws tau dhau los ua Clovis I. Cov hnub sau cov ntawv thiab cov npe ntawm lawv tus kws sau ntawv, Gregory of Tours thiab St. Remigius, tau pab. Tab sis koj tau nrawm siv cov khoom me me no. Nws yog kev tu siab uas tus sau tau coj nws txoj haujlwm tsuas yog rau lub sijhawm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Crusades. Ntawm txhua phau ntawv ntawm daim ntawv teev npe no, tej zaum qhov no yog qhov tsis muaj hnub kawg, txawm hais tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws.
Kuj tsim nyog hais txog:
Kolesnitsky NF, Keeb Kwm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog. Moscow xyoo 1986
Phau ntawv teev ntuj zoo no yog siv los kawm keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog hauv keeb kwm uas tsis yog keeb kwm. Nws luv heev. Nws tsuas yog ntxiv yog tias nws muaj cov khoom siv tsis yog nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv Slavic lub teb chaws thiab Asia.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Poob Slavs: Hauv 2 ntu Vol. 1. Lub Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab Lub Sijhawm Niaj Hnub: Phau ntawv, ed. G. F. Matveeva thiab Z. S. Nenasheva. - 2nd tsab. - M. 2001: kuv
Phau ntawv no tau hais los ntawm no ntxiv rau phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab ntawm Moscow State University, qhov uas tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Slavs.
Thaum kawg, tsuas yog ib qho lus dav dav hais txog txhua phau ntawv nyeem thiab cov phau ntawv zoo sib xws tseem yuav tsum tau ua. Muaj ib txoj cai tu siab heev-cov phau ntawv lag luam qis dua qib niaj hnub ntawm kev tshawb fawb: cov ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab, zoo tshaj plaws, los ntawm 20-30 xyoo, thiab tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv, qee zaum los ntawm 40-60 xyoo. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov phau ntawv kawm muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau hauv zej zog. Qhov no yog yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas tus neeg yuav tsum paub. Tib yam tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev tshaj tawm cov peev txheej thiab cov duab zoo. Thawj zaug, cov ntawv lawv tus kheej thiab lub peev xwm nyeem lawv cov lus uas siv tau yog qhov tseem ceeb, hauv qhov thib ob, txoj hauv kev, cov txheej txheem yog qhov nthuav, thiab qee zaum cov no tseem yog keeb kwm ua haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tsuas yog phau ntawv zoo thiab ntxim nyiam hauv lawv tus kheej.
Peb xa tag nrho cov ntawv no mus rau lub txee rau khoom lossis lub hard drive. Lub sijhawm tom ntej peb yuav tham txog cov ntaub ntawv siv yooj yim tshaj plaws - phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv txhais lus encyclopedias.
Pom zoo:
Uninhabited Islands tuaj qhov twg koj tuaj yeem ntsib tus txiv neej niaj hnub no: Keeb Kwm thiab Cov Lus zais ntawm Lub Vaj Kaj Siab rau Robinsons niaj hnub no
Muaj pes tsawg lub tebchaws tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv ntiaj teb thaum pib ntawm peb caug xyoo? Chav nyob, kaum tawm? Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau ntxiv - muaj ntau pua pua ntawm cov av uas tsis muaj av nyob ib puag ncig dej, ob qho me me thiab loj dua. Ntau tus khaws lawv cov "tsis muaj neeg nyob" xwm txheej rau lub hom phiaj - huab cua hnyav dhau, tsis muaj cov zaub thiab cov zaub mov, ua neej nyob nyuaj. Lwm tus tau dhau los ua cov peev txheej. Qhov thib peb yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov Islands tuaj txawv txawv, npaj tau
Yuav ua li cas ib qho ntawm phau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tau tshwm sim: "Phau ntawv nplua nuj ntawm cov sijhawm ntawm Duke of Berry"
Cov kwv tij Limburgsky - Paul, Jean thiab Erman - yog cov neeg pleev xim me me, XIV -XV ib puas xyoo. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, lawv tswj hwm los tsim ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm Gothic lig - "Phau ntawv zoo nkauj teev ntawm Duke of Berry"
Dab tsi yog phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv txhais lus uas xav tau kom nkag siab keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb dhau los, thiab cov kab lus hauv phau encyclopedias thiab phau ntawv txhais lus kawg 10 - 15 xyoo. Hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Wikipedia, cov ntawv siv tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, Wikipedia, thaum hloov kho nrawm dua, yog tsis sib xws. Muaj cov ntawv zoo thiab muaj cov uas tsis muaj zog. Thiab tseem, peb muaj dab tsi niaj hnub no hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Kawg Thaum Ntxov?
6 tus neeg tshawb nrhiav txawv teb chaws tshiab uas koj yuav tsis rhuav koj tus kheej kom txog thaum koj nyeem kom txog thaum kawg
Nws yooj yim heev kom poob ntawm phau ntawv txee hnub no. Cov tshaj tawm tas li zoo siab rau lawv cov nyeem nrog cov phau ntawv nthuav. Cov ntawv sau dab neeg thiab kev tshawb fawb txog nom tswv, sau paj huam thiab paj huam kev xav. Tab sis cov dab neeg tshawb nrhiav tseem yog qhov tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg nyeem, muaj peev xwm ua kom tus nyeem ntawv mloog zoo los ntawm thawj nplooj ntawv. Hauv peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas - cov dab neeg tshawb nrhiav txawv teb chaws tshiab tshaj tawm hauv Lavxias
10 qhov tseeb keeb kwm los ntawm lub neej nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, uas tsis tau sau txog hauv phau ntawv kawm
Cov phau ntawv niaj hnub no thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab hais txog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tsis ib txwm qhia qhov tseeb txog kev ua neej nyob niaj hnub no ntawm cov neeg ib txwm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Qhov tseeb, ntau yam ntawm lub neej niaj hnub ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis yog qhov txaus nyiam, thiab txoj hauv kev mus rau lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem nruab nrab yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau cov neeg ntawm xyoo pua XXI