Cov txheej txheem:
- Polish Catholic
- Romantic nrog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Tsis Zoo
- Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Menyuam
- Tus tswv cuab tog
- Uniron Felix
Video: Workaholic, "Astronomer" thiab tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm cov menyuam yaus: nplooj ntawv me-paub los ntawm lub neej ntawm Felix Dzerzhinsky
2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1991, lub monument rau Felix Dzerzhinsky tau raug rhuav tshem ntawm Lubyanskaya Square hauv Moscow. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim txom hnyav tau cuam tshuam nrog lub npe ntawm Soviet Chekist tseem ceeb, thiab nyob rau thaum ntxov nineties xws li lub cim yuav tsis tuaj yeem dai ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej nruab nrab ntawm lub peev. "Hlau Felix" tau nco txog niaj hnub no uas yog tus tsim ntawm Cheka. Tab sis phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Dzerzhinsky tau nplua nuj hauv lwm qhov tseeb uas tsis tas li cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim txom thiab cov duab "hlau" ntawm Bolshevik tsis ua haujlwm.
Polish Catholic
Ntawm cov neeg hloov pauv Lavxias tau muaj cov neeg siab zoo - tus thawj coj ntawm Bolsheviks, Lenin, piv txwv li, yog tus tub ntawm tus thawj coj hauv xeev Ilya Ulyanov. Kuj tseem muaj cov neeg los ntawm kev ntseeg kev ntseeg - Stalin kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci kev ntseeg. Tab sis keeb kwm ntawm Felix Dzerzhinsky yog thawj hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev. Nws tsev neeg coj keeb kwm los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe Polish ntawm xyoo pua 17th. Thiab txawm hais tias Dzerzhinsky tsis yog tus loj loj thiab qee zaum tau ua haujlwm hauv tsev ntawm lwm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, lawv muaj lawv tus kheej thaj av nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
Raws li menyuam yaus, raws li tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe Polish, Felix Dzerzhinsky tau mob siab rau heev. Raws li Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Vajtswv hauv chaw dhia ua si, nws tau txais A's, koom nrog kev koom tes hauv kev hlub "Lub plawv ntawm Yexus", sib cav nrog nws tus tij laug, yuam nws thov Vajtswv tsis tu ncua, thiab ib zaug txawm hais tias: "Yog tias kuv puas tau tuaj txog qhov xaus tias tsis muaj Vajtswv, kuv yuav tso kuv tus kheej rau hauv pliaj."
Tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Txoj Cai ntawm Vajtswv thaum kawg ntseeg Felix kom tsis txhob txav mus los ntawm lub chaw dhia ua si mus rau lub tsev kawm txuj ci kev ntseeg: raws li tus pov thawj, Dzerzhinsky zoo siab heev thiab ntxim nyiam rau kev ua haujlwm no, thiab ntxiv rau, nws nyiam saib xyuas cov menyuam kawm ntawv - thiab lawv poob lub taub hau hla heels hlub nws.
Romantic nrog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Tsis Zoo
Txij thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, ntau tus sau tseg Dzerzhinsky qhov mob: daj ntseg, lub ntsej muag ntshav, nquag yws yws ntawm qaug zog thiab pw tsis tsaug zog. Hauv nws lub xyoo yau, nws xav tias nws yuav raug kuaj pom nrog tus kab mob trachoma. Qhov txaus txaus, teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tsuas yog thawb Felix mus rau kev nyiam ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv av: nws hais rau nws tus phooj ywg tias nws tsis muaj ntau dua xya xyoo los nyob, "yog li koj yuav tsum ua lub xya xyoo kom raug, siv nws mus ua haujlwm".
Nws lub npe menyuam yaus hauv av - "Astronomer" tseem tuaj yeem hais txog Dzerzhinsky txoj kev hlub. Qhov tseeb, nws qhov laj thawj yog qhov kev xav dhau thiab yuav luag zoo li saum ntuj ceeb tsheej. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, cov paj huam uas nws tau sau hauv qib kawm tiav ntawm chav dhia ua si:
Txog kev koom nrog hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig, Dzerzhinsky tau raug ntiab tawm mus rau Vyatka xeev, qhov uas nws muaj hnub nyoog 21 xyoos - lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas ntawm pawg kws kho mob tub rog. Lub luag haujlwm tau lees paub nws tsis haum rau kev ua tub rog thiab txiav txim siab tias nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, mob hnyav Dzerzhinsky, feem ntau yuav tuag. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Felix txiav txim siab tshem tawm qhov kev sib tham nrog nws tus hlub Margarita Nikolaeva thiab npaj kev khiav tawm - txhawm rau kom muaj sijhawm los ua qee yam tsim nyog rau kev hloov pauv.
Tus kws kho mob hauv nroog, tom qab tshuaj xyuas Dzerzhinsky ntxiv, hais tias cov lus txiav txim ntawm pawg thawj coj tau nrawm. Kev sib hlub tau txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis Nikolaeva txoj kev tuaj txog rau qhov chaw raug ntiab tawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Felix: kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv nyiam nws ntau dua. Thaum tau khiav tawm ntawm kev ntoj ncig, thaum kawg nws tau mus rau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev hloov pauv.
Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Menyuam
Tus tsim thiab lub taub hau ntawm Cheka hauv Soviet lub sijhawm dhau los ua nto moo tsis yog rau kev ntshai xwb. Dzerzhinsky tau mob siab rau qhov teeb meem ntawm menyuam yaus tsis muaj tsev nyob thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Tej zaum qhov no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm nws tus tub: nws tus poj niam Sophia raug ntes ntau dua ib zaug rau kev ua ub ua no, thiab tus tub ntawm Dzerzhinsky Yan tau yug los hauv nkuaj thiab loj hlob tsis muaj leej txiv ntau xyoo.
"Iron Felix" tau tham hauv tsoomfwv txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem pub zaub mov pub dawb rau menyuam yaus thiab cov menyuam yaus cov nyiaj muas noj hauv lub tebchaws, teeb tsa chaw tu menyuam ntsuag. Qee lub sij hawm nws tau ntsib nrog cov menyuam: Chekists ntes cov menyuam tsis muaj tsev nyob hauv Moscow thiab coj lawv mus rau Lubyanka … kom lawv haus tshuaj yej thiab qhaub cij. Thaum lub rooj sib tham zoo li no, Dzerzhinsky tau tham nrog Kolya Dubinin me ntsis, uas tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv Moscow State University thiab dhau los ua tus kws tshuaj caj ces thiab kws tshaj lij - ib tus tuaj yeem hais tias Chekists kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.
Tib Neeg Tus Kws Lij Choj ntawm Kev Kawm Lunacharsky rov qab hais tias thaum tham txog cov teeb meem no, Dzerzhinsky tau txhawj xeeb heev, nws lub qhov ntswg flared thiab nws lub qhov muag hlawv - nws tau txhawj xeeb heev txog txoj hmoo ntawm cov menyuam tsis muaj hmoo.
Tus tswv cuab tog
Dzerzhinsky tuaj yeem tsis pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim ntawm tog feem ntau. Nws tau tshem tawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Kronstadt kev tawm tsam xyoo 1921, thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Baltic Fleet nkoj sib cav tawm tsam Bolshevik txoj cai. Felix Edmundovich tau hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav lub luag haujlwm ntawm Cheka lub taub hau - nws tau siv los ua kev ntshai rau "yeeb ncuab hauv chav kawm", tab sis tsis tiv thaiv cov neeg tsav nkoj los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov phooj ywg koom nrog yaum kom nws nyob twj ywm.
Tom qab Lenin tuag, kev tawm tsam rau lub zog pib hauv tog, thiab Dzerzhinsky txhawb Stalin hauv nws. Nws nquag tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv tus neeg Trotsky, Zinoviev thiab lwm tus. Nws zoo li rau nws tias nws yog ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam uas tuaj yeem ua tus tswj hwm, "kev faus neeg lub kiv puag ncig", "" Txawm li cas los xij cov plaub liab liab nyob ntawm nws qhov hnav, tuaj yeem nkaum, "nws sau rau Kuibyshev ua ntej nws tuag. Nws zoo li tias kev xav cia Dzerzhinsky nqes, thiab qhov tseeb, nrog rau sab nrog Stalin, nws tsuas yog pab faus qhov kev hloov pauv thiab tsim kom muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej.
Uniron Felix
Tus kws kho mob Dzerzhinsky ntau dua ib zaug xa nws mus so thiab qhia nws kom noj qab nyob zoo. Txoj cai ntawm qhov siab ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1918, nws txawm mus rau Switzerland kom so thiab mus ntsib nws tus poj niam thiab tus tub.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog qhov tseeb xws li kev sib cav. Dzerzhinsky ua haujlwm rau hnav: pw me me, noj tsis zoo, nyob ntawm txoj kev. "Felix ua neej nyob tsis zoo, nws yuav hlawv," Sverdlov tau hais ua ntej ua ntej Dzerzhinsky txoj kev mus Swiss. Thiab kev tawm mus rau Tebchaws Europe tau muaj ntau txoj hauv kev npog rau kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg tawm tsam German uas tau sim ua haujlwm hauv av hauv tebchaws Yelemes.
Ob xyoos dhau los ntawm nws lub neej, Dzerzhinsky ua ke kev coj noj coj ua hauv OGPU nrog rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees Hauv Tebchaws (Supreme Council ntawm National Economy). Hauv txoj haujlwm no, nws feem ntau yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas lub xeev kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam, thiab kev mus ncig ua lag luam zoo li no, tau kawg. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 20, 1926, Dzerzhinsky tau mus rau OGPU, tom qab ntawd mus rau Lub Rooj Sab Laj Loj Tshaj Plaws ntawm Lub Tebchaws Kev Lag Luam, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau qhov rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm pawg neeg. Ib qhov twg thaum lub sijhawm so, nws tau sau hauv nws phau ntawv muag khoom: "Kuv xav tias tsis zoo," tab sis tseem txiav txim siab los tshaj tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub rooj sab laj. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau raug ntes los ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis muaj zog, thiab, thaum txog tsev, nws tuag.
Felix Dzerzhinsky hlawv tiag tiag, nws tsuas yog 48 xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, lub neej ntawm cov neeg nyiam kev tawm tsam tau mob hnyav thiab tsis sib xws. Yog li ntawd, txawm niaj hnub no, qee tus neeg tuaj yeem pom nws "hlau Felix", thiab qee tus neeg - kev hlub, hlub nrog kev hloov pauv.
Nws tseem hais tias Felix Dzerzhinsky tsis yog neeg ib txwm muaj npe nyob hauv tebchaws Poland. Nws tseem nyob Tus Thawj Kav Xwm, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij, Marshal ntawm Yeej thiab lwm tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Poland uas tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia.
Pom zoo:
Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees yuav muab cov tsev khaws puav pheej los saib xyuas qhov ntxa ntawm cov neeg nto moo
Lavxias Ministry of Culture ntseeg tias cov tsev khaws puav pheej tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm saib xyuas qhov ntxa ntawm cov neeg nto moo. Raws li qhov piv txwv, Tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias Tebchaws Lub Suab Nkauj tau hais tseg, uas twb tau tswj hwm los saib xyuas qhov ntxa ntawm tus neeg ntawd - Fyodor Chaliapin
Cov menyuam yaus thiab cov nyiam hauv cov duab ntawm "tsis muaj kev xav zoo" Irolly, uas tau nyiam los ntawm cov pej xeem thiab tsis nyiam los ntawm cov neeg thuam
Hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab, tus kws kos duab no muaj qhov chaw tsawg heev, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias hauv nws lub sijhawm nws tau nrov heev thiab xav tau. Nws cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tsis hla tsis yog tsuas yog qhuas qhov zoo tau hais rau nws, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lub npe zoo, uas tsis cuam tshuam ntau rau txhua tus. Ntsib tus tswv ntawm kev pleev xim ib hom ntawv Italian - Vincenzo Irolli. Nws yog "Artist of the Sun", nws yog "Stunning Irolly", ntxiv rau "tsis muaj kev xav zoo". Vim li cas nws thiaj tshwm sim tias tus neeg nyiam qhov ntawd
Yuav ua li cas cov neeg muaj hwj chim cawm lawv tus neeg sawv cev, thiab vim li cas tus choj German thiaj tau lub npe menyuam yaus "neeg soj xyuas"
Cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov tshwm sim nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm tob uas tau nquag coj ua hauv kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, qhib kev sib ntaus sib tua tau hloov pauv ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zais cia zais cia. Nws yog thaum ntawd qhov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev sib pauv "ua tsis tau tiav" tau yug los. Txog thawj zaug thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev sib pauv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm txawj ntse ntawm cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb ntawm USSR thiab Sab Hnub Poob - hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv
Cov ntawv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th: cov ntawv ua tom tsev thiab sau tseg ntawm cov ntoo tawv ntoo los ntawm ib tug menyuam yaus
Onfim yog ib tug tub zoo tib yam uas tau nyob hauv Novgorod thaum xyoo pua 13th. Raws li ib txwm muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm, nws tau sau ntawv thiab pleev xim rau daim tawv ntoo, siv tus cwj mem ntse. Tsis paub txog nws, Onfim tsim cov khoom qub qub qub uas tau pom ntau pua xyoo tom qab nws lub neej. Hom "tshuaj ntsiav lub sijhawm" no muab lub sijhawm zoo los saib rau hauv lub neej ntawm medieval Novgorod
Vim li cas cov niam tsev nplua nuj tsis pub lawv cov menyuam noj lawv tus kheej, thiab cov kws saib xyuas neeg mob coj lawv cov menyuam nyob qhov twg?
Vim li cas lawv thiaj khaws cov kws tu neeg hauv tsev nplua nuj, thiab vim li cas niam thiaj tsis pub lawv cov menyuam noj lawv tus kheej? Dab tsi tshwm sim rau cov menyuam yaus ntawm tus poj niam lawv tus kheej, ntiav los pub cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus tswv? Thiab, thaum kawg, vim li cas cov poj niam neeg pluag xav tau txhua yam no? Muaj ntau cov lus nug uas tshwm sim hais txog lub ncauj lus ntawm kev pub mis rau menyuam yaus hauv tebchaws Russia ua ntej kev tawm tsam, thiab qhov tob koj plunge rau hauv lub ncauj lus, muaj ntau ntxiv. Cia peb sim xam nws tawm