Cov txheej txheem:

Dab tsi dhau los ua neeg nto moo rau 7 tus neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum
Dab tsi dhau los ua neeg nto moo rau 7 tus neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum

Video: Dab tsi dhau los ua neeg nto moo rau 7 tus neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum

Video: Dab tsi dhau los ua neeg nto moo rau 7 tus neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum
Video: Сергей Калмыков, Транзакционные системы / Sergey Kalmykov, CEO, Transaction Systems - YouTube 2024, Lub peb hlis ntuj
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Hmo ntuj ntawm Lavxias lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev kos duab kos duab tuaj nyob rau xyoo 18th, tom qab qhib Imperial Academy of Arts. Lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau qhib lub ntiaj teb rau cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo li: Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel, Fedor Stepanovich Rokotov, ntxiv rau ntau tus tswv nto moo. Thiab twb dhau los ntawm xyoo 1890s, cov poj niam sawv cev raug tso cai kawm hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv no. Cov txuj ci zoo li no: Sofya Vasilievna Sukhovo-Kobylina, Anna Petrovna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Olga Antonovna Lagoda-Shishkina thiab lwm tus tau kawm ntawm no. Xyoo pua 20th, tus naj npawb ntawm cov poj niam hauv kev pleev xim tau nce ntau. Lawv tsis tsuas yog pleev xim duab, tab sis kuj tsim cov ntawv xa mus, duab qhia ua piv txwv, dai kom zoo nkauj ntau yam ntawv, thiab lawv cov ntawv luam tawm tau luam tawm ntau txhiab daim.

Elizaveta Merkurievna Boehm (1843-1914)

Elizaveta Merkurievna Boehm
Elizaveta Merkurievna Boehm

Elizaveta Boehm tsis tau pleev xim rau cov duab loj, zoo li, piv txwv li, Repin lossis Aivazovsky, tab sis nws tseem tau txais kev lees paub hauv tebchaws Russia, raug suav tias yog ib tus kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Elizabeth siv nws tus menyuam yaus nyob hauv lub zos Scheptsovo, Xeev Yaroslavl, qhov uas nws tau ntxim nyiam heev thiab txaus ntshai rau kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Russia.

Elizabeth kos los ntawm menyuam yaus rau ntawm ib daim ntawv uas tuaj rau nws txhais tes. Txij li xyoo 1857, tau xya xyoo, tus ntxhais kawm hauv Drawing School of the Society rau Kev Txhawb Cov Kws Kos Duab hauv St. Petersburg. Nws thawj cov haujlwm tau tsim los ntawm nws niam nws txiv qub txeeg qub teg, uas nws tsim cov duab kos rau cov phau ntawv ntawm Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 1875, tag nrho cov nkauj ntawm nws daim npav rho nyiaj tau tso tawm, muaj cai "Silhouettes" - cov duab dub thiab dawb ntawm ntau yam ncauj lus niaj hnub. Tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv, Elizabeth ntsib Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Nws caw nws koom tes nrog nws lub tsev tshaj tawm.

Cov ntawv xa ntawv uas Boehm tau kos tau tsim tawm hauv ntau txhiab daim
Cov ntawv xa ntawv uas Boehm tau kos tau tsim tawm hauv ntau txhiab daim

Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1890, Boehm tau tsim cov duab piv txwv rau Nikolai Semenovich Leskov zaj dab neeg "The Insulted Neta". Elizabeth kuj tau kos duab rau menyuam yaus cov ntawv xov xwm, dab neeg, cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov dab neeg. Cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws kos duab yog menyuam yaus cov nkauj "Paj Lug hauv Silhouettes" thiab "Cov Lus thiab Cov Lus hauv Silhouettes". Cov ntawv xa ntawv los ntawm cov nkauj no tau tso tawm ntau txhiab daim, thiab tsis yog hauv Russia nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem nyob hauv Asmeskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.

Cov tais diav tau coj Boehm ua rau kiv taub hau. Nws lub tsom iav, khob, daim hlau, lub raj mis yog nrov heev
Cov tais diav tau coj Boehm ua rau kiv taub hau. Nws lub tsom iav, khob, daim hlau, lub raj mis yog nrov heev

Tseem, lub koob meej tiag tuaj rau Elizabeth Boehm thaum nws pib pleev xim iav. Ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees Ntiaj Teb hauv Chicago xyoo 1893, Boehm sawv cev rau Russia. Txhawm rau qhia cov tais diav hauv qhov pom zoo tshaj plaws, nws txiav txim siab pleev xim rau iav hauv ib lub tebchaws Russia. Yog li, cov qauv Slavic thaum ub, cov duab ntawm cov dab neeg dab neeg, cov lus dab neeg, cov lus lom zem thiab cov paj lug tau tshwm ntawm tsom iav, khob, fwj. Lawv yog cov kos duab tiag tiag. Nws kev rau siab tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nthuav tawm, qhov uas nws tau txais khoom plig kub thiab lub ntiaj teb lub koob meej.

Antonina Leonardovna Rzhevskaya (1861 - 1934)

Antonina Leonardovna Rzhevskaya
Antonina Leonardovna Rzhevskaya

Tus kws kos duab Lavxias-tus neeg pleev xim no yog ib tus ntawm ob tus poj niam tau lees paub rau Lub Koom Haum Ncig Saib Kev Ncig Ua Si. Nov yog lub npe ntawm Itinerant cov kws ua yeeb yam, uas suav nrog Surikov, Repin, Shishkin, Makovsky thiab lwm tus neeg pleev xim zoo.

Antonina tau kawm nyob rau hauv Moscow, koom nrog Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Zaub, Duab puab thiab Architecture hauv xyoo 1880 ua tus mloog dawb raws li kev qhia ntawm Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky. Tom qab tus ntxhais pib pleev xim tshaj lij. Hmoov tsis zoo, ob peb ntawm Rzhevskaya cov haujlwm tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias Antonina pleev xim cov duab kom txog thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub. Cov chaw uas qee qhov nws ua haujlwm tau khaws cia tseem tsis tau paub.

Antonina Rzhevskaya nyiam pleev xim cov duab ntawm cov menyuam yaus
Antonina Rzhevskaya nyiam pleev xim cov duab ntawm cov menyuam yaus

Yeej, tus kws kos duab pleev xim rau ib hom ntawv, ua yeeb yam los ntawm lub neej niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg zoo ib yam, nrog rau cov duab ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Nws cov haujlwm tau koom nrog ntau qhov kev nthuav tawm, qhov uas lawv feem ntau yuav los ntawm cov neeg sau khoom, cov tshaj tawm phau ntawv thiab lwm tus neeg paub txog kev pleev xim. Piv txwv li, ntawm ib qho ntawm kev nthuav tawm phau ntawv tshaj tawm Kozma Soldatenkov tau yuav daim ntaub nrog lub npe "Me nyuam ntsuag", thiab tus neeg sau khoom nto moo thiab tus tsim ntawm cov duab ntawm tib lub npe, Pavel Tretyakov, yuav nws daim duab "Zoo Siab Npaum Li Cas".

Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias nws tau ua txoj haujlwm no uas nws tsis tau qhia nws qhov kev sau ntawv, yooj yim qhia tus lej, ntshai ntshai muab nws lub xeem. "Zoo Siab Tshaj Plaws" tau dhau los ua ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau Cov Neeg Ncaj Ncees, vim hais tias qhov tseeb lawv muaj kev ua yeeb yam, ib tus tuaj yeem hais qhov nyuaj siab, thiab ntawm no lom zem thiab seev cev. Los ntawm txoj kev, vim kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv txoj haujlwm Itinerants, Rzhevskaya txiav txim siab tawm ntawm lawv qib.

Lyudmila Vladimirovna Mayakovskaya (1884-1972)

Lyudmila Vladimirovna Mayakovskaya
Lyudmila Vladimirovna Mayakovskaya

Lub npe paj huam Vladimir Mayakovsky nyob ntawm txhua tus neeg daim di ncauj, tab sis tsawg leej paub txog nws tus niam laus Lyudmila. Nws tau suav nrog hauv cov poj niam ntawm Lavxias avant-garde, tab sis nws qhov kev lees paub tuaj lig dhau lawm. Lub koob meej nyob hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe tuaj rau nws tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag, thaum ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv Oxford thiab cov nroog ntawm Ltalis tau pom cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub los ntawm nws cov khoom, uas tau xa mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej los ntawm kev thov. Ntawm cov kev nthuav tawm no, Giorgio Armani nws tus kheej qhuas nws cov ntaub, qhov txawv ntawm lwm qhov piv txwv.

Tus kwv tij lub koob meej yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau qhov kev lees paub lig no. Cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Vladimir Mayakovsky tau tham tsis yog nws lub npe nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog nws tus muam, txawm tias nws txoj haujlwm sib txawv kiag li. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm chav haujlwm luam ntawv ntawm Stroganov Tsev Kawm Ntawv, nws tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm Moscow cov chaw tsim khoom raws li cov kws ua paj ntaub. Ludmila qhov tsis tshaj tawm kuj tseem cuam tshuam nws txoj haujlwm, vim tias nws tsis tau npaj kev nthuav qhia tus kheej ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yeej kev hwm ntawm cov npoj yaig ntawm cov tshuab xaws, qhov uas nws ua haujlwm txog plaub caug xyoo, thiab txawm tias tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm tsoomfwv.

Lyudmila Mayakovskaya tuaj nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau dyeing ntaub
Lyudmila Mayakovskaya tuaj nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau dyeing ntaub

Nws yog qhov txaus siab tiag tiag ntawm kev lag luam textile. Tab sis tag nrho nws cov haujlwm, nthuav tawm ntawm ntau yam kev nthuav qhia txuj ci, suav nrog lub ntiaj teb, coj kev vam meej thiab koob meej tsis rau Mayakovskaya nws tus kheej, tab sis tsuas yog rau cov chaw tsim khoom uas nws sawv cev. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tsuas yog tus sawv cev ntawm kev sib deev ncaj ncees hauv lub Hoobkas Prokhorov, thiab tsis yog tus neeg ua haujlwm zoo, tab sis yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias nws yog ib tus thawj poj niam hauv kev ua ntej kev tawm tsam Russia los tuav txoj haujlwm siab.

Lyudmila Mayakovskaya patented hauv tebchaws Russia thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev zas cov ntaub uas siv lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws uas txau cov zas, vim qhov uas cov qauv txawv txawv tshwm sim. Yog li Mayakovskaya tsuas yog tus tswv ntawm txoj kev no ntawm kev zas cov ntaub hauv tag nrho lub tebchaws.

Sonya Turk -Delaunay (1885 - 1979)

Sonya Turk-Delone: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?
Sonya Turk-Delone: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Tus kws tshaj lij no tau yug los hauv lub nroog tshav ntuj ntawm Odessa, xeev Kherson, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog ib feem ntawm tebchaws Russia. Nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Sara Ilinichna Stern. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog tsib xyoos, Sarah me me dhau los ua menyuam ntsuag; nws niam cov txheeb ze coj nws mus rau St. Petersburg. Tus ntxhais tsev neeg tshiab tau mus ncig Europe ntau zaus, mus ntsib ntau yam khoom nthuav tawm thiab tsev cia puav pheej. Kev txaus siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv, Sarah pib pleev xim, kos npe nws ua haujlwm nrog nws tus txiv ntxawm lub npe - Turk, uas dhau los ua nws txiv.

Thiab twb muaj hnub nyoog kaum yim nws tau nkag mus rau Academy of Fine Arts hauv tebchaws Yelemes, thiab ob xyoos tom qab tau tsiv mus rau Paris, qhov uas nws kawm ntawm Académie de la Palette. Hauv nws thawj qhov haujlwm "Tus Ntxhais Tsaug Zog", "liab qab hauv daj", "Philomena", kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Vincent Van Gogh, Henri Rousseau yog qhov pom tau. Tab sis tom qab Sonya dhau los ua tus poj niam ntawm tus kws kos duab Fabkis nto moo Robert Delaunay, kev tsis paub ntau dua thiab cov duab geometry tau pib pom hauv nws cov duab.

Ib ntawm thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Sonya Turk-Delaunay "Tus Ntxhais Tsaug Zog"
Ib ntawm thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Sonya Turk-Delaunay "Tus Ntxhais Tsaug Zog"

Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, Sonya Terk-Delaunay tau tsiv mus rau Spain, tab sis xyoo 1920 nws rov los rau Paris, qhov uas nws qhib nws lub tsev. Nyob ntawd, tus kws kos duab tau xaws khaub ncaws ua yeeb yam, tsim qauv rau ntaub, thiab sau cov ntawv sau rau ntawm khaub ncaws. Sonya txawm tau koom nrog hauv International Exhibition of Decorative Arts. Nws Art Deco ua haujlwm feem ntau tau siv hauv kev tsim phiaj xwm, xwm txheej thiab tshaj tawm. Xyoo 1964 yog xyoo ua tiav rau Sonya, vim nws, thawj tus poj niam, muaj kev nthuav qhia tus kheej hauv Louvre nws tus kheej. Kaum xyoo tom qab, Sonia Turk-Delaunay tau txais qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Legion of Honor, uas suav tias yog qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws thiab raug lees paub los ntawm kev tsim txiaj hauv Fabkis.

Nadezhda Andreevna Udaltsova (1885-1961)

Nadezhda Andreevna Udaltsova
Nadezhda Andreevna Udaltsova

Nadezhda Udaltsova yog ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias avant-garde. Txij thaum yau los, Nadezhda nyiam pleev xim. Ua ntej nws kawm ntawm Moscow Cov Poj Niam Gymnasium V. P. Gelbig, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv tsev kawm txuj ci ntiag tug ntawm K. F. Yuon.

Thaum tus ntxhais muaj nees nkaum-ob xyoos, nws tau tawm mus rau Lub Tebchaws Yelemees los kawm cov duab kos ntawm tus tswv qub hauv Dresden Gallery. Tsis ntev Nadezhda txaus siab rau cov txuj ci niaj hnub. Qhov no tau tshwm sim tom qab kev nthuav qhia ntawm Viktor Borisov-Musatov thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg nyiam los ntawm kev sau ntawm Sergei Shchukin, uas ua rau tus ntxhais nyiam. Thiab txij li xyoo 1911, tus kws kos duab, ua ke nrog avant-garde cov kws ua yeeb yam Mikhail Larionov, Lyubov Popova, Natalia Goncharova thiab Vladimir Tatlin, tau nkag mus rau hauv chav ua haujlwm pub dawb "Tower". Tom qab ntawd nws rov los rau Paris dua los kawm ntawm Accademia La Pallette.

Painting los ntawm Nadezhda Udaltsova "Tus Typist"
Painting los ntawm Nadezhda Udaltsova "Tus Typist"

Los ntawm xyoo 1913, Udaltsova muaj peev xwm los tsim nws tus kheej style, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cubism. Cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog "Tus Seamstress", "Tus Qauv", "Composition", uas nws tau koom nrog hauv kev nthuav qhia yav tom ntej. Tom qab kev tawm tsam xyoo 1917, Udaltsova lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog qhia ntawm Lub Xeev Art Rhiav, tab sis nws tsis hnov qab tuav nws tus kheej kev nthuav tawm ib yam nkaus. Tau sib yuav tus kws kos duab Alexander Drevin xyoo 1919, nws thiab nws tus txiv tau sim ua xim, tsim cov duab avant-garde. Xyoo 1928, lawv qhov kev nthuav qhia tus kheej tau muaj nyob ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias.

Lyubov Sergeevna Popova (1889-1924)

Lyubov Sergeevna Popova
Lyubov Sergeevna Popova

Lyubov Popova yog tus sawv cev ntawm kev tsim kho Lavxias. Nws pib kawm txuj ci txuj ci yeeb yam xyoo 1908 hauv lub studio K. Yuon. Ob peb xyoos tom qab nws tawm mus rau tebchaws Ltalis los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, tom qab ntawd mus rau Fab Kis kom paub ntxaws txog kev cuam tshuam nrog Impressionists. Thaum Lyubov ntsib Kazimir Malevich thiab Vladimir Tatlin, lawv cov haujlwm tsis tsuas yog ua rau lub siab xav ntawm tus kws kos duab, tab sis kuj tau tshoov siab nws kom ua haujlwm yooj yim hu ua "Picturesque Architectonics".

Xyoo 1921 yog xyoo tsis khoom rau Popova. Nws tau koom nrog ntau qhov kev nthuav tawm, koom nrog hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv V. Meyerhold kev tsim khoom ntawm "The Magnanimous Cuckold", qhov xwm txheej uas dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij ntawm avant-garde. Nyob rau xyoo 1960s, yuav luag tsis muaj leej twg yuav Lyubov Popova cov haujlwm, tab sis txij li thaum xyoo 1980, nws cov duab tuaj yeem mus rau cov neeg sau nyiaj rau ntau txhiab daus las. Qhov siab xav tau rau nws txoj haujlwm tuaj txog xyoo 2007. Tom qab ntawd nws txoj haujlwm hu ua "Birsk Toj roob hauv pes" mus rau hauv qab rauj ntawm kev muag khoom rau ib lab daus las, thiab "Tseem Nyob Nrog Tais" tau muag rau peb thiab ib nrab lab daus las, los ntawm txoj kev, cov nyiaj no tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv rau muag cov haujlwm los ntawm Popova.

Ntawm qhov kev muag khoom, daim duab "Tseem Nyob Nrog Lub Tais" tau yuav rau 3.5 lab las
Ntawm qhov kev muag khoom, daim duab "Tseem Nyob Nrog Lub Tais" tau yuav rau 3.5 lab las

Tam sim no, tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm nyob hauv Tretyakov Gallery, State State Museum, Surikov Art Museum hauv Krasnoyarsk, National Gallery ntawm Canada, Thyssen-Bornemisza Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Madrid, thiab hauv cov khoom ntiag tug thoob ntiaj teb.

Nadezhda Petrovna Leger (1904-1982)

Nadezhda Petrovna Leger
Nadezhda Petrovna Leger

Nadezhda Leger yog kwv tij txheeb ze ntawm kws sau paj huam Vladislav Felitsianovich Khodasevich. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum tsib xyoos, nws txiav txim siab nkag mus hauv Smolensk State Free Workshops. Nrog txoj kev, nrog nws kawm, Nadezhda tsim Suprematist compositions. Tom qab ntawd nws tau ntsib nrog Kazimir Malevich, uas tau teeb tsa hauv Vitebsk kev koom tes ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam avant-garde hu ua "Hardeners of New Art". Tab sis tsis ntev Nadezhda tawm mus kawm hauv Warsaw ntawm Academy of Fine Arts. Los ntawm qhov ntawd nws tau mus xyaum ua haujlwm hauv Paris ntawm Academy of Modern Art nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawm tus kws pleev xim Fabkis thiab tus kws kos duab Fernand Léger, uas tsis ntev los ua nws tus txiv.

Tus kheej-duab ntawm Nadezhda Leger
Tus kheej-duab ntawm Nadezhda Leger

Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv nws tau kawm hauv ntau lub tebchaws, Leger tseem ua raws ntau yam rau avant-garde. Nws tau rov koom nrog ntau qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam paub daws teeb hauv Fabkis, tau txais kev qhuas rau nws txoj haujlwm. Nws kuj tau tsim cov duab kos duab tus kheej hauv cov style ntawm "Stalinist pop art". Xyoo 1950, hauv Fab Kis, Nadezhda tau qhib F Leger Museum of Contemporary Art, thiab thaum kawg txawm coj nws cov hauj lwm tuaj rau USSR. Nws kuj tau teeb tsa kev nthuav tawm ntawm Pablo Picasso thiab Leonardo da Vinci.

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