Cov txheej txheem:

Vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas lus Lavxias yuav hloov pauv hauv ib lossis ob tiam
Vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas lus Lavxias yuav hloov pauv hauv ib lossis ob tiam

Video: Vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas lus Lavxias yuav hloov pauv hauv ib lossis ob tiam

Video: Vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas lus Lavxias yuav hloov pauv hauv ib lossis ob tiam
Video: Tseem Nyob Tos Koj (lyrics) - Meena Thao - YouTube 2024, Lub peb hlis ntuj
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Lawv nyiam sib piv cov lus nrog cov kab mob muaj sia - nws loj hlob zoo ib yam thiab hloov pauv nws lub neej. Thiab peb tab tom tham tsis tsuas yog hais txog ntau qhov kev qiv nyiaj thiab neologism. Kev siv lo lus, kev sib tham lo lus, kev tsim kab lus hloov pauv. Nov yog qee qhov kev hloov pauv uas yuav los rau yav tom ntej, txiav txim los ntawm kev hais lus thiab sau cov lus ntawm tib neeg hnub nyoog qis dua peb caug - cov uas tau hloov kho cov lus ntawm tag kis.

Dab tsi

Tau ntau pua xyoo hauv cov lus Lavxias lawv tau hais tias: "Kuv tau hais tias," "Kuv nkag siab qhov ntawd," "Kuv tau pom qhov ntawd," thiab lwm yam, tab sis cov tub ntxhais hluas, raws li txoj cai - uas yog, tsis yog tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb - yuav tsum hais tib yam dhau los ntawm "qhov ntawd, qhov ntawd": "ua pov thawj tias", "xav tias", "txiav txim siab qhov ntawd". Txawm hais tias rau cov neeg laus dua qhov no zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis zoo, cov lus twb tau xaiv lawm thiab sai sai no qhov kev tsim kho no yuav dhau los ua kev sau ntawv - txhua yam yog mus rau qhov ntawd.

Qhov tsis tu ncua "ntawd" los tom qab cov lus qhia, uas ib txwm xav tau yooj yim "dab tsi"? Muaj ib qho version uas qhov teeb meem nyob hauv tus neeg txhais lus online: nws yog nws uas txhais cov kab lus, sau los ntawm lub neej ntawd "dab tsi" hloov dua li "dab tsi". Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov menyuam tau raug dej nyab nrog cov ntawv ntau los ntawm tus kws txhais lus, uas qhia lawv kom pom zoo tsis raug.

Painting los ntawm Nikolai Belyaev
Painting los ntawm Nikolai Belyaev

Cov lus pom zoo tseem yuav dhau los "tsis paub ntawv"

Hauv Lavxias cov lus muaj ntau cov lus zoo sib xws, uas, txawm li cas los xij, xaus rau hauv cov lus sib txawv, thiab lawv twb tau nkag siab tsis meej pem. Piv txwv li, "nyob rau hauv (ntawm)" thiab "hauv kev sib txuas nrog (uas)" tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke tau yooj yim rau cov neeg tsis paub ntawv "hauv kev sib txuas nrog (uas)". Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov neeg tiam tshiab tsis tshua nyeem cov ntawv zoo: cov xov xwm thiab cov ntawv nyiam ua haujlwm feem ntau luam tawm yam tsis muaj kev tshaj lij "sib txuas", thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab ua ib feem me me ntawm cov ntawv loj uas lawv ua txhua hnub.

Philologists tseem nco tseg tias tiam neeg tshiab ntawm cov neeg hais lus ib txwm nyiam siv cov lus hais ua ntej rau cov uas tsis yog kab lus, thiab feem ntau ntxiv cov lus ua ntej qhov uas lawv tsis xav tau. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, "npaj siab rau qee yam") feem ntau hloov nrog kev tsim kho nrog cov lus hais ua ntej "o" ("txhawj xeeb txog qee yam").

Thaum nyob hauv qhov chaw cov kab lus "lengthened" los ntawm kev ntxiv cov lus tsis tsim nyog lossis kev tsim kho "ntawd", hauv lwm qhov chaw lawv tau luv dua ntev thiab tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv, hloov "txog qhov xwm txheej," tus txiv neej niaj hnub xav hais tias "tom qab qhov xwm txheej," tsis yog "xws li", yooj yim "hom," thiab lwm yam.

Painting los ntawm Larisa Lukonina-Ovichnnikova
Painting los ntawm Larisa Lukonina-Ovichnnikova

Chancellery

Tau ob xyoos dhau los, cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kho lus tau tawm tsam nrog cov neeg lis haujlwm hauv kev hais lus thiab poob. Bureaucracy tau dhau los ua ib feem loj ntawm peb lub neej, uas txhais tau hais tias nws qhov tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb cov lus nruab nrab tau nkag mus rau peb hais lus. Kev hloov pauv kev coj dawb huv yog muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv cov dab neeg hais txog kev hlub (yog, thiab txawm tias qhov xwm txheej kub tshaj plaws), hauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm niam txiv thiab menyuam, thiab ntxiv rau.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no txhais tau tias tus lej ntawm cov lus qhia (uas yog, cov lus hais txog kev ua) hauv kev hais lus txo qis thiab tus lej ntawm cov npe nce. Qhov no ua rau kev hais lus tsis muaj zog. Qee tus kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws ntseeg tias qhov no yog li cas tiv thaiv kev txaus ntshai ntawm lub neej niaj hnub ua haujlwm: tsawg kawg lawv sim ua kom qeeb nrog hais lus.

Painting los ntawm Philip Kubarev
Painting los ntawm Philip Kubarev

Daim ntawv ntawm kev sib piv thiab qib siab tshaj plaws tuag tawm

Tib neeg ntau thiab ntau hais tias "zoo nkauj dua", "ntev dua", "ntxim nyiam dua" hloov "zoo nkauj dua", "ntev dua", "ntxim nyiam dua" - thiab hauv tib lub siab nrog txhua qhov adjectives. Daim ntawv superlative kuj tseem siv tsawg heev. Hloov chaw ntawm "qhov zoo tshaj plaws", "qhov ruam tshaj", "qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws" hauv yuav luag ib puas feem pua ntawm tus neeg hais lus niaj hnub no yuav siv kev tsim kho nrog lo lus "feem ntau": "zoo tshaj", "ruam tshaj", " qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ".

Kev yaum kom qhia txog qib sib piv thiab zoo tshaj nrog cov lus "ntau dua" thiab "feem ntau" kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev tshwj tseg xws li "zoo dua" thaum muaj ntau yam niaj hnub thiab cov qauv qub ntawm kev sib piv sib tsoo.

Painting los ntawm Irina Shevandronova
Painting los ntawm Irina Shevandronova

Poj niam

Hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev nyiam poj niam rau kev ua haujlwm tau tshaj tawm tias tsis tuaj yeem lees paub hauv ib puag ncig, uas lawv tau tawm tsam txhua qib ntawm kev hais lus, suav nrog kev sib tham. Cov lus Lavxias, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau tso tseg: txij li muaj cov poj niam txiv neej hauv nws rau yuav luag txhua lo lus hais txog tib neeg, nws nyuaj rau tus neeg hais lus tsis muaj kev coj noj coj ua zoo siab los tsim hauv lub tswv yim uas tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm poj niam txiv neej. Yog li muaj "tus neeg khaws nyiaj", "tus kws qhia", "kws lij choj" thiab "yeeb ncuab" ntsiag to - txawm hais tias txhua qhov kev tawm tsam nrog lawv.

Hauv nees nkaum-thawj ib puas xyoo, sib tham nrog feminists, hlub rau cov ntawv qub ntawm Lavxias lus (hauv kev nyiam poj niam yog tus qauv) thiab ntau cov ntawv tsis raug kho los ntawm cov qauv kev sau ntawv coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias "haiv neeg" feminists tau txais lub sijhawm tshiab hauv qhov chaw sau xov xwm thiab sau ntawv. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem qhib phau ntawv uas muaj cov dab phem, vampires thiab cov neeg sawv cev ua haujlwm, lossis nyeem phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm lossis kab ntawv tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv ci zoo nrog cov kws kho zoo. Hauv qhov kev hwm no, cov lus tau dhau los ua qhov xav tsis thoob thiab tsis ntev, pom tseeb, kev siv poj niam txiv neej yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob thiab ua rau leej twg muaj teeb meem.

Painting los ntawm Pavel Chernov
Painting los ntawm Pavel Chernov

Ntau lo lus "qub" yuav rov los hais lus

Ib yam li kev txaus siab nyob rau lub sijhawm pre-Christian muab cov lus Lavxias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo ntau pawg ntseeg Slavonic thiab pseudo-Old Slavonic lo lus, npe thiab kab lus, yog li cov haujlwm nrov ntawm peb lub sijhawm-xws li "Kev txom nyem nruab nrab hnub nyoog" thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Ua Ntej Ua Ntej" - rov muaj kev txaus siab rau cov lus qub. Piv txwv li, nyob rau xyoo nineties lo lus "heev" tau siv los ntawm tsis muaj coob leej neeg - tam sim no nws tau siv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog ntau yam kev nyiam ua thiab lub neej.

Xws li qhov tsis tu ncua - tab sis ib nrab - rov qab mus rau yav dhau los ntawm cov lus tej zaum muab kev nkag siab ntawm nws qhov txuas ntxiv, keeb kwm txuas ntxiv hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab yog li ntawd tas li nyob rau hauv kev xav tau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas tau dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv thiab keeb kwm so hauv ib kab.

Painting los ntawm Mikhail Pushny
Painting los ntawm Mikhail Pushny

Errata thiab cov ntawv luv

Raws li cov ntawv luv ntawm kab lus (zoo li "ua tsaug" tsis yog "ua tsaug rau Vajtswv") ib zaug suav nrog hauv kev hais lus sau ntawv, muaj kev paub txog kev sib tham, qhov no tseem yuav tshwm sim ntxiv. Nws nyuaj rau kwv yees uas txhob txwm ua (rau qhov ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg) cov lus tsis raug thiab cov ntawv luv yuav dhau los ua ib txwm muaj rau tag kis: "shtosh" hloov "zoo", lossis "godic" hloov "divine", lossis "wow" hloov chaw ntawm "feem ntau"? Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, qhov no yog kev tsis pom.

Kev siv lo lus

Kev siv qee cov lus hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum yuav ua rau cov neeg tsis paub nyob hauv lub xyoo pua puas xyoo. Piv txwv, “yuam” txhais tau tias “zam tsis dhau,” tab sis tsis txhais tau tias “ua siab zoo”; meej”, thiab“tej zaum”hauv kev nkag siab ntawm“tej zaum; nws zoo li ", thiab tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm" Kuv paub tseeb."

Ib yam nkaus, kev siv cov lus nyob hauv nees nkaum nees nkaum xyoo sib txawv los ntawm nees nkaum xyoo ua rau muaj kev quaj kev quaj los ntawm cov neeg laus - tab sis, feem ntau yuav, tom qab ib tiam nws yuav dhau los ua tus qauv. Piv txwv li, lo lus "negligee" txhais tias "liab qab" thiab tsis "hnav ris tsho hauv qab"; "Kwv yees" hauv qhov kev nkag siab nruab nrab "raws li cov lus ntawm qhov zoo li no", thiab tsis yog "raws li cov lus uas nyuaj rau ntseeg"; "Tsis ncaj ncees" raws li lub ntsiab lus rau kev qhia "tsis kaj siab, tab sis hais ncaj qha" tsis txhob "hais yam tsis tau sim ua nplaim taws"; "Loyalty" tau siv ntau dua los ua cov lus sib piv ntawm lo lus "ua siab dawb, ua phooj ywg" tsis yog "ncaj ncees, ncaj ncees", "pleev xim" cov khoom siv "kos npe", thiab ntxiv rau.

Kev xav xim ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg li "dub" thiab "dub" (uas zoo li tsis zoo thiab ua phem rau ib tiam dhau los peb caug - thiab rau menyuam yaus twb nyob nruab nrab lawm) yuav hloov pauv, thiab lo lus "n … gr" (uas txhais tau tias "dub") thaum kawg yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog cov npe qub ntawm kev sib tw thiab dhau los ua Asmeskas cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg.

Nws hloov tawm tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus tsuas yog ib feem cuam tshuam nrog kev nthuav tawm ntawm kev tsis paub ntawv vim yog kev faib me me ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm txhua cov ntawv uas tau nyeem los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas - hauv paus, peb pom yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem ib txwm hloov pauv lus, lossis cuam tshuam rau cov lus ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov txheej txheem kev nom tswv tam sim no (txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej).

Tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv tam sim no tau sib tham hauv Internet. Tawm tsam rau lus Lavxias: Leej twg xav tau poj niam thiab vim li cas, thiab nws raug li cas - kws kho mob lossis kws kho mob.

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