Cov txheej txheem:
- Phau ntawv nkauj zoo li lub plawv
- Rotundus Codex
- Phau ntawv siv
- Phau ntawv ob tog "dozado"
- Ib phau ntawv uas tuaj yeem nyeem tau hauv rau yam sib txawv
- Phau ntawv ntawm "ceg"
Video: Cov phau ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab: 6 piv txwv ntawm cov qauv qub uas tsis yog qauv
2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06
Nyob rau hauv lub era Lig Nrab Hnub nyoog phau ntawv tau txiav txim siab ntau dua tsis yog qhov taw qhia ntawm tus tswv cov nyiaj kawm ntawv, tab sis nws qhov kev coj noj coj ua zoo. Txhua daim ntawv tau ua los ntawm txhais tes thiab sib luag yuav luag txhua yam ntawm kev kos duab. Thiab yog tias phau ntawv tseem tsis yog tus qauv, tom qab ntawd nws tus nqi nce ntxiv. Kev tshuaj xyuas no nthuav qhia cov piv txwv ntawm cov phau ntawv qub uas ua rau koj xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nrog lawv qhov tsos.
Phau ntawv nkauj zoo li lub plawv
Hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog lig, phau ntawv zoo li lub plawv tau nrov. Feem ntau lawv tau muaj kev lom zem ntau dua li cov ntsiab lus kev ntseeg. Peb tab tom tham txog phau ntawv nkauj hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub siab.
Rotundus Codex
Qhov txuj ci me me no hu ua Rotundus Codex hnub rov qab mus rau 1480. Nws yog phau ntawv teev teev ua lus Latin thiab Fab Kis. Nws tau ua nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsis sib npaug. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm phau ntawv tsuas yog 9 cm, thiab qhov ntev ntawm tus nqaj qaum yog 3 cm. Ntawm 266 nplooj ntawv, tus tsis paub sau tau piav txog 30 tus tsiaj ntawv tshwj xeeb. Tam sim no qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th yog nyob hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv nroog ntawm German nroog Hildesheim.
Phau ntawv siv
Phau ntawv duav tau hu ua vim nws tau hnav ntawm lub duav. Ib daim tawv tau ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv ntawm phau ntawv thiab tau txuas rau tus neeg txoj siv lossis txoj siv. Ntxiv mus, phau ntawv dai rau sab, yog li koj tuaj yeem nyeem nws yam tsis tau tshem nws tawm ntawm koj txoj siv. Cov phau ntawv zoo sib xws tau nrov nyob rau xyoo pua 15th thiab 16th hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Netherlands.
Phau ntawv ob tog "dozado"
Cov phau ntawv ob tog zoo sib xws tau siv nyob rau xyoo 16th thiab 17th. Lawv qhov kev sib txawv txawv txawv hu ua dos-a-dos (dosado). Txoj kev no feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim Phau Qub thiab Phau Tshiab
Ib phau ntawv uas tuaj yeem nyeem tau hauv rau yam sib txawv
Phau ntawv no yog ib daim ntawv nyuaj dua ntawm phau ntawv dhau los. Nws tuaj yeem nyeem hauv rau txoj kev sib txawv. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws muaj 6 phau ntawv sib txawv. Qhov kev tsim txuj ci no tau tsim hauv Tebchaws Yelemees xyoo pua 16th. Nws muaj cov ntawv teev ntuj kev ntseeg los ntawm yav dhau los, suav nrog Kev Qhia Ntawv Me Me los ntawm Martin Luther. Phau ntawv tam sim no khaws cia hauv Str libraryngnäs lub tsev qiv ntawv (Sweden).
Phau ntawv ntawm "ceg"
Xyoo 17th, cov phau ntawv hnyav dua li lawv ua tam sim no. Cov menyuam yaus tus niam ntawv yog ib daim ntawv uas tau muab ntim rau ntawm tus ncej. Yog li, tus menyuam tuaj yeem tuav ib daim ntoo nruab nrab ntawm nws ob txhais ceg thiab tsa cov tsiaj ntawv mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntej ntawm nws lub qhov muag. Thaum cov tsev qiv ntawv pib tshwm nyob hauv Europe, tom qab ntawd cov phau ntawv, vim tias lawv cov nqi siab, tau raug kaw. Niaj hnub no nws zoo li tsiaj qus, tab sis nyob hauv nruab nrab cov tsev qiv ntawv, cov rhawv zeb tau nruab nrog cov nplhaib tshwj xeeb rau cov saw uas ntev txaus los ua haujlwm nrog phau ntawv, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tsis tuaj yeem nqa nws tawm ntawm chav.
Pom zoo:
Yuav ua li cas ib qho ntawm phau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tau tshwm sim: "Phau ntawv nplua nuj ntawm cov sijhawm ntawm Duke of Berry"
Cov kwv tij Limburgsky - Paul, Jean thiab Erman - yog cov neeg pleev xim me me, XIV -XV ib puas xyoo. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, lawv tswj hwm los tsim ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm Gothic lig - "Phau ntawv zoo nkauj teev ntawm Duke of Berry"
Dab tsi yog phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv txhais lus uas xav tau kom nkag siab keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb dhau los, thiab cov kab lus hauv phau encyclopedias thiab phau ntawv txhais lus kawg 10 - 15 xyoo. Hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Wikipedia, cov ntawv siv tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, Wikipedia, thaum hloov kho nrawm dua, yog tsis sib xws. Muaj cov ntawv zoo thiab muaj cov uas tsis muaj zog. Thiab tseem, peb muaj dab tsi niaj hnub no hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Kawg Thaum Ntxov?
Phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv twg uas koj yuav tsum tau nyeem kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no
Cia peb pib nrog … tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis tsim nyog hais txog phau ntawv no yog tias lawv yog cov phau ntawv zoo tib yam, tab sis lawv yog cov phau ntawv uas txawv thiab sim tau. Ntxiv rau lawv ob phau ntawv qub thiab tus nyeem ntawv, thiab qhov ntawd yog peb cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm rau
Dab tsi yog qhov zais cia hauv "Parisian Psalter" - piv txwv zoo nkauj ntawm qhov me me nruab nrab nruab nrab
Phau Ntawv Nkauj ntawm Paris yog qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws thiab zoo kawg ntawm phau ntawv piv txwv nruab nrab. Nws yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem yav dhau los thiab cov ntseeg niaj hnub nim no, tsim los qhia cov lus nom tswv ntawm Byzantine tus huab tais rau pawg neeg, ntxiv rau rov ua qhov qub dhau los
Lub hnub qub ploj ntawm Lyudmila Shagalova: Vim li cas lub hnub qub ntawm "Kev Sib Yuav ntawm Balzaminov" dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv nws lub xyoo tsis txaus ntseeg
Nws ua si txog 100 lub luag haujlwm, tab sis niaj hnub no tsis tshua muaj leej twg nco txog nws lub npe. Thawj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Young Guard" - coj nws qhov khoom plig Stalin thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tsuas tau txais ntu ntu ntev. Txhua lub koom haum nyiam tuaj rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam tom qab 40 xyoo, thaum nws ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Kev Sib Yuav ntawm Balzaminov", "Zaj Dab Neeg Poob Sijhawm", "Nws Ua Tsis Tau!" 65 xyoos tam sim ntawd txiav txim siab tawm hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab . Dab tsi yog stagnation