Video: Cov neeg tso dag tso dag tsis raug cai, lossis "Duab pej xeem Lavxias", luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 19th
2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06
Cov ntawv luam tawm nrov tau tshwm sim hauv Russia hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th. Thaum xub thawj lawv tau hu ua "cov duab fryazhsky", tom qab ntawd "cov ntawv txaus luag", thiab tom qab ntawd "cov duab ib txwm muaj" lossis "cov neeg yooj yim". Thiab tsuas yog los ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 lawv pib hu ua "Lubki". Dmitry Rovinsky tau ua ib qho txiaj ntsig loj rau kev khaws cov duab, tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau "Lavxias Folk Pictures". Hauv peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas muaj 20 qhov luam tawm nrov los ntawm cov khoom sau no, uas koj tuaj yeem saib tsis muaj qhov kawg, nrhiav pom ntau yam txaus nyiam, tshiab thiab yam ntxim nyiam.
Tempora mutantur (lub sijhawm hloov pauv) yog lus Paj Lug Latin. Rov qab nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, txhua yam uas tau nrov yog suav tias tsis tsim nyog rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse thiab cov neeg pom kev, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb lawv tus kheej tau txiav txim siab nws txaj muag kom txaus siab rau, piv txwv li, luam tawm nrov. Xyoo 1824, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nto moo Snegirev, uas tau sau ib tsab xov xwm ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm nrov thiab npaj siab yuav nyeem nws ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Neeg Nyiam ntawm Lavxias Kev Sau Ntawv, tau txhawj xeeb tias "qee tus tswv cuab tsis ntseeg tias Lub Koom Haum tuaj yeem tso cai tham txog xws li kev hais lus tsis zoo, raug cai."
Tsis tsuas yog qhov ntawd, rov qab rau xyoo 1840s Belinsky yuav tsum tiv thaiv Dahl los ntawm aristocrats, uas tau cem tus kws sau ntawv rau nws txoj kev hlub ntawm tib neeg. "", - sau Belinsky.
Tab sis txawm hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd muaj kev zam tshwj xeeb - cov tib neeg uas muaj peev xwm ua qhov kev ua siab tawv tiag tiag txawm tias muaj kev txwv tsis pub ua. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo yog Rovinsky "Cov duab neeg Lavxias".
"Lavxias teb sab pej xeem cov duab" - Cov no yog peb ntu ntawm daim ntawv thiab tsib ntu ntawm cov ntawv. Cov ntawv luam tawm nrov tau txuas rau txhua tus ntawv. Thawj phau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv muaj "Fairy Tales and Amusing Sheets", qhov thib ob - "Cov Ntawv Keeb Kwm", qhov thib peb - "Ntawv Ntsuj Plig". Lub Atlas tau luam tawm hauv tsuas yog 250 daim ntawv txhawm rau zam kev txwv. Cov ntawv sau tag nrho yog cov ntawv txuas ntxiv rau atlas. Thawj peb qhov piav qhia cov duab sau hauv daim ntawv. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias txhua qhov kev piav qhia tau ua tiav hauv txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws, saib cov ntawv sau ntawm tus thawj, qhia tom qab kuaj, qhov loj me ntawm daim duab thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab tau qhia. Hauv tag nrho, phau ntawv piav qhia txog 8000 daim duab.
Ntu plaub yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig rau ntau yam kev ua pov thawj uas yuav xav tau hauv txoj haujlwm. Plaub ntu ntawm cov ntawv " - Rovinsky hais -". Ib nrab ntawm qhov ntim no yog qhov ua piv txwv ntawm tus lej rau tag nrho tsab ntawv.
Qhov ntim thib tsib tau muab faib ua tsib tshooj: • Tshooj 1. Cov duab neeg pej thuam, txua ntoo. Kev kos duab tooj liab. • Tshooj 2. Peb cov neeg kos duab tau qiv qhov txhais lus (keeb kwm) rau lawv cov duab li cas. Poshib, lossis tus qauv, ntawm kev kos duab thiab kev sib xyaw hauv cov duab pej xeem. Xim cov duab qub qub tau ceev faj heev. Sau ntawv rau pej xeem cov duab nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab ntawm cov neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, hauv Is Nrias teb, Nyiv Pooj, Tuam Tshoj thiab Java. Cov duab neeg pej xeem, sau ua xim dub. • Tshooj 3. Muag cov duab pej xeem. Lub hom phiaj thiab siv lawv. Kev saib xyuas ntawm kev tsim cov duab pej xeem thiab lawv cov censorship. Censorship ntawm muaj koob muaj npe portraits. • Tshooj 4. Poj niam (raws li kev xav ntawm Bee). Kev Sib Yuav. • Tshooj 5. Qhia hauv lub xyoo laus • Tshooj 6. Daim qhia hnub hli thiab daim duab qhia chaw • Tshooj 7. Nyeem ntawv yooj yim • Tshooj 8. Cov dab neeg. • Tshooj 9. Kev lom zem hauv zej zog.” Kev qaug cawv. Kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv • Tshooj 10. Suab nkauj thiab seev cev. Kev ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws Russia. • Tshooj 11. Kev tso dag thiab tso dag. • Tshooj 12. Tso dag tso dag rau cov neeg txawv tebchaws. Cartoons of the French in 1812. • Chapter 13. Popular pilgrimage. • Tshooj 14. Cov duab luam tawm los ntawm kev txiav txim los ntawm tsoomfwv.
Txawm tias cov lus luv luv ntawm cov ntsiab lus taw qhia rau qhov tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab pej xeem. Cov ntawv luam tawm nrov rau tib neeg hloov cov ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm, dab neeg, ntawv tshiab, luam tawm tas luav - txhua yam uas cov neeg txawj ntse yuav tsum tau muab rau nws, saib nws yog ib tus ntawm lawv cov kwv tij.
Cov duab pej xeem tau pib hu ua nrov luam thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Lub npe txhais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntau txoj kev. Qee leej ntseeg tias qhov no yog qhov muab los ntawm lo lus "bast", uas thawj daim duab raug txiav, lwm tus tham txog cov thawv uas pheej yig, uas cov duab muag tau tso, thiab, raws li Rovinsky, lo lus nrov luam tawm hais txog txhua yam uas tau ua tsis zoo, tsis zoo, ntawm nplawm.
Hauv Sab Hnub Poob, cov duab kos tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo XII, thiab lawv yog txoj hauv kev pheej yig tshaj plaws los qhia rau tib neeg cov duab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, phau Vajlugkub thiab Apocalypse hauv cov duab. Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev kos duab pib tib lub sijhawm raws li kev sau ntawv: twb yog thawj phau ntawv luam tawm "Tus Thwj Tim", uas tau tawm xyoo 1564, thawj qhov kev kos duab tau txuas nrog - daim duab ntawm Evangelist Lukas ntawm ntoo. Lubok cov duab pib tshwm hauv cov ntawv cais tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 17th. Qhov kev pib ua no tau txhawb los ntawm Peter kuv nws tus kheej, uas tau tso npe rau cov kws ua khoom siv los ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab tau them nyiaj rau lawv los ntawm txhab nyiaj. Qhov kev xyaum no nres tsuas yog xyoo 1827.
Hauv ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov kws ua paj ntaub nyob hauv lub zos Izmailovo tau koom nrog txiav ntoo rau cov duab pej xeem. Lawv txiav cov duab ntawm ntoo lossis tooj liab, thiab cov duab tau luam tawm ntawm Akhmetyev lub tsev tsim khoom hauv Moscow, ze rau tus Cawm Seej hauv Spassky. Cov tshuab luam ntawv kuj tseem ua haujlwm hauv Kovrovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv hauv xeev Vladimir, hauv lub zos Bogdanovka, ntxiv rau hauv cov tsev teev ntuj Pochaevsky, Kiev thiab Solovetsky.
Cov kws kos duab qub tau siv lub ntsiab lus rau kev kos duab los ntawm cov duab hauv pawg ntseeg lossis los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev muaj koob muaj npe. Xyoo pua 18th, ntau daim duab tau thaij los ntawm German, Fabkis thiab Italian duab. Ntau zaus, cov ntawv hauv tsev tau ntxiv rau lawv, uas qee zaum tsis haum cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab txhua.
Nws muaj peev xwm mus yuav cov ntawv luam tawm nrov hauv Moscow hauv qhov khoob ntawm Nikolskaya Street, ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Grebnevskaya Niam ntawm Vajtswv, ntawm Trinity of Sheets, ntawm Novgorod courtyard thiab feem ntau ntawm Spassky Gate. Heev feem ntau lawv tau yuav tsis siv ntoo duab, ntxiv rau kev qhia menyuam yaus.
Thaum xub thawj, cov duab tsis raug censorship, tab sis txij li xyoo 1674 tau muaj kev txiav txim siab txwv cov duab no. Tab sis cov duab pej xeem tseem tau tshaj tawm thiab muag, tsis xav paub txog kev txwv lossis kev txiav txim siab. Xyoo 1850, los ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Siab Tshaj Plaws, "Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws hauv Moscow, Suav Zakrevsky, tau xaj cov neeg yug tsiaj ntawm cov duab pej xeem kom rhuav tshem tag nrho cov laug cam uas tsis tau txais kev tso cai ntawm kev saib xyuas, thiab tam sim no tsis txhob luam lawv yam tsis muaj nws. Hauv kev ua tiav ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no, cov neeg yug tsiaj tau khaws tag nrho cov laug cam tooj liab qub, txaws lawv ua tej daim nrog kev koom tes ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab muag lawv rau seem hauv kab tswb. Nov yog yuav ua li cas cov neeg pej xeem tsis txaus ntseeg tso dag tso tseg."
Cov txiaj ntsig keeb kwm yeej ib txwm nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb. Yog li nws tshwm sim hnub no 10 zaj dab neeg qub qub los ntawm dab neeg ntawm ntau lub tebchaws uas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tab tom nrhiav rau niaj hnub no thiab tsis plam kev cia siab ntawm kev nrhiav pom.
Pom zoo:
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Tus kws sau nkauj Lavxias uas muaj npe nrov thiab kws tshuaj Alexander Borodin tau tag sim neej 131 xyoo dhau los. Thaum yug los, nws tau sau tseg tias yog tus tub ntawm tub huabtais tub huabtais Gedianov, uas yog nws txiv tiag, thiab tsis yog nws lub npe nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem muaj ntau txoj cai hauv chav kawm vim nws tsis raug cai. Zoo li ntau tus kws sau ntawv nto moo, kws sau paj huam, kws ua yeeb yam thiab kws sau nkauj uas tau yug los ntawm cov txiv neej lossis poj niam txawv teb chaws tawm ntawm kev txij nkawm