Yuav ua li cas nom tswv reindeer herders los ntawm Far North tau xaus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Europe thiab dhau los ua Hungarians

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Lawv tuaj qhov twg tuaj? Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no tau txais los ntawm lub sijhawm, thaum kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus Hungarians thiab cov neeg ntawm Far North ntawm Russia tau pom. Nws nyuaj rau ntseeg, tab sis nom tswv reindeer cov tsiaj txhu tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe, dhau los ua ib tus neeg txawv tshaj plaws ntawm Ntiaj Teb Qub.

Qhov pib ntawm 1st txhiab xyoo AD nyob hauv Eurasia tau cim los ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm Huns thiab qhov tseem ceeb txias, uas yog qhov pib ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse Loj ntawm Cov Neeg. Cov nthwv dej ntawm kev txav kuj tseem khaws Ugric ethnos, nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm ciam teb ntawm yav qab teb taiga thiab hav zoov-steppe ntawm Western Siberia, los ntawm Middle Urals mus rau Irtysh cheeb tsam-proto-Ugri. Los ntawm cov neeg uas mus rau sab qaum teb, Khanty thiab Mansi nqis los, thiab cov uas tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob mus rau Danube yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Hungarians, lossis Magyars, raws li lawv hu lawv tus kheej, tsuas yog cov sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg Finno-Ugric lus hauv Central Europe.

Cov txheeb ze ntawm Magyar

Cov npe ntawm cov neeg Mansi thiab Magyar lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov hauv paus "Manse". Qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov lus "Voguls" (lub npe qub ntawm Mansi) thiab "Hungarians" yog cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm tib lub npe. Sib sau ua ke, yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses - qhov no yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Magyars, Mansi thiab Khanty tau ua. Cov lus siv cuam tshuam nrog ob qhov haujlwm dhau los tau khaws cia ua lus Hungarian txij thaum ntawd los. Cov lus qhia yooj yim, cov lus piav qhia txog xwm txheej, tsev neeg sib raug zoo, pab pawg neeg thiab zej zog kev sib raug zoo kuj yog keeb kwm Ugric. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias cov lus Hungarian zoo ib yam li Mansi dua li Khanty. Thawj ob hom lus tau ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv qis dua los ntawm lwm tus thiab khaws cia ntau dua los ntawm cov lus keeb kwm.

Hauv cov dab neeg ntawm Hungarians, Khanty thiab Mansi, kuj tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev faib lub ntiaj teb ua peb ntu: hauv Khanty -Mansi cov dab neeg, cov no yog huab cua, dej thiab lub ntiaj teb kheej kheej, thiab hauv Hungarian sawv daws - sab saud (saum ntuj ceeb tsheej), nruab nrab (hauv ntiaj teb) thiab ntiaj teb qis (hauv av). Raws li kev ntseeg Magyar, ib tus neeg muaj ob tus ntsuj plig-ua pa ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab tsis muaj tus ntsuj plig-duab ntxoov ntxoo dawb, uas tuaj yeem tawm ntawm tus neeg thiab mus ncig, kev nyob ua ke ntawm tib yam tau hais hauv Mansi cov lus dab neeg, nrog qhov sib txawv uas nyob hauv txhua tus txiv neej tuaj yeem muaj 5 lossis 7 tus ntsuj plig, thiab rau poj niam - 4 lossis 6.

Cov neeg nyob ze ntawm Hungarians, lawv cuam tshuam rau kev coj noj coj ua

Tsiv raws Volga cheeb tsam, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Hungarians tau ntsib lawv txoj kev Scythians thiab Sarmatians - cov neeg ntawm Iran keeb kwm, uas qhia lawv cov tsiaj yug tsiaj, ua liaj ua teb thiab ua cov hlau - tooj liab, tooj liab thiab tom qab hlau. Nws zoo li tias Proto-Hungarians nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua thib 6 tau nyob rau sab hnub poob Türkic Kaganate thiab, ua ke nrog Türkuts, tau koom nrog hauv Central Asian thiab Iran txoj cai. Cov qauv Iran thiab cov phiaj xwm tuaj yeem taug hauv Hungarian cov dab neeg thiab cov txuj ci zoo, thiab hauv Hungarian keeb kwm Persia feem ntau hu ua lub tebchaws uas "cov txheeb ze ntawm Magyars" nyob. Arminius Vambery, tus neeg ncig tebchaws Hungarian nto moo thiab cov neeg sab hnub tuaj, tau koom nrog lawv tshawb nrhiav, taug kev hauv ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 hauv Central Asia thiab Iran.

Kev paub txog kev yug tsiaj nyuj hauv hav zoov sab hnub tuaj ntawm Sab Qab Teb Urals, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Magyars coj kev ua neej nyob tsis muaj neeg nyob, thiab kev yos hav zoov thiab ua liaj ua teb pib ua lub luag haujlwm pabcuam hauv kev lag luam. Tej zaum, tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm ib feem ntawm pab pawg neeg Ugric tawm tsam Türkic Kaganate, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 6, Proto-Hungarians tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam Bashkortostan niaj hnub no, hauv phiab ntawm Qaum Kama, Sab Qab Teb Cis-Urals Ib nrab ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes sab hnub tuaj ntawm Urals. Tej zaum hauv cheeb tsam no yog Great Hungary (Hungaria Magna) - cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Hungarians, uas tau hais nyob hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm cov neeg teev ntuj thaum ub medieval -diplomat Giovanni Plano Carpini thiab hauv Hungarian chronicle "Gesta Hungarorum". Qee tus kws tshawb fawb nrhiav Great Hungary hauv North Caucasus, lwm tus ntseeg tias nws tsis muaj nyob tiag, vim tias nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav nrhiav lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm txhua haiv neeg. Qhov qhib ntawm Bayanovsky qhov chaw faus neeg hauv qab qis dua ntawm Kama hais lus pom zoo thawj zaug, nthuav dav tshaj plaws.

Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Lavxias thiab Hungarian tau tshawb nrhiav nws, pom hauv nws zoo ib yam li kev faus neeg Hungarians ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th-10th, nrog rau cov khoom uas qhia meej txog keeb kwm Hungarian thiab ntseeg tias qhov kev tshawb pom hais txog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Cis- Urals thiab European Hungarians. Cov npe hauv pawg neeg zoo ib yam ntawm Bashkirs thiab Hungarians thiab tib lub npe nyob hauv Bashkiria thiab Hungary lees paub yav dhau los cov neeg zej zog ntawm cov neeg no.

Kev nthuav dav m tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm Magyars

Nyob rau tiam 6 -7 xyoo dhau los, Magyars maj mam txav mus rau sab hnub poob, mus rau Don steppes thiab sab qaum teb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Azov, qhov chaw uas lawv nyob ze rau Bulgars, Khazars, Onogurs Turks. Ib nrab tsis meej pem nrog qhov kawg tau muab Magyars lwm lub npe rau cov ethnos - Hungarians, qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv Latin Ungari, Ungri, Lus Askiv Hungarian (s) thiab lwm yam lus European, thiab lus Lavxias tau qiv Polish węgier. Ntawm thaj av tshiab - Levedia (npe tom qab tus thawj coj zoo ntawm ib ntawm pawg neeg Hungarian), Hungarians lees paub lub zog ntawm Khazar Kaganate, koom nrog nws kev tsov kev rog. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg nyob ze tshiab, cov qauv hauv zej zog, kev cai lij choj thiab kev ntseeg maj mam dhau los ua qhov nyuaj. Cov lus Hungarian "kev txhaum", "kev hwm", "laj thawj" thiab "kev cai lij choj" yog keeb kwm Turkic.

Nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab ntawm Khazars, thaj chaw ntawm Magyars qhov chaw nyob tau hloov mus rau sab hnub poob, thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 820s lawv tau nyob ntawm ntug dej sab xis ntawm Dniep er, qhov uas lawv tau ua. Tom qab kwv yees li 10 xyoo, cov neeg Hungarians tau tawm ntawm lub zog ntawm Khazar Kaganate, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 9 lawv maj mam nyob hauv cov hav ntawm Dnieper thiab Dniester.

Lawv hu lawv lub tebchaws tshiab Atelkuza - hauv Hungarian Etelköz txhais tau tias "cuam tshuam". Cov pab pawg neeg Magyar tau koom nrog hauv kev tsov rog Byzantine. Xyoo 894, Hungarians thiab Byzantines tau pib tsoo tsoo lub tebchaws Bulgarian ntawm Sab Qab Teb Danube. Ib xyoos tom qab, thaum Magyars tau tawm tsam ntev, cov neeg Bulgarians nyob hauv kev coj ntawm Tsar Simeon I, ua ke nrog Pechenegs, tau thim rov qab - lawv puas Atelkuza thiab ntes lossis tua yuav luag txhua tus ntxhais hluas. Cov tub rog Hungarian tau rov qab los thiab pom lawv thaj av raug kev puas tsuaj, cov nyom tau nyob los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob. Tom qab ntawd lawv txiav txim siab tawm hauv cov av no thiab txav mus rau Danube, qhov twg yog lub xeev Roman ntawm Pannonia siv los nyob, thiab tom qab ntawd - nruab nrab ntawm Hunnic Empire.

Qhov kev taw qhia tsis tau xaiv los ntawm lub sijhawm, vim tias, raws li lus dab neeg Hungarian, cov ntshav ntawm Huns ntws hauv Magyars. Tej zaum muaj qee qhov tseeb hauv nws, vim hais tias tom qab swb ntawm cov tub rog uas tseem nyob tom qab kev tuag ntawm Attila, cov Huns uas tseem tshuav, coj los ntawm nws tus tub, tau nyob hauv thaj tsam Sab Qaum Teb Dub thiab tau nyob ntawd raws li kev cais haiv neeg txog li ob puas leej. xyoo, kom txog thaum lawv ua tiav nrog cov neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Nws zoo li lawv tuaj yeem tau sib yuav nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Hungarians niaj hnub no.

Raws li tau hais hauv Hungarian keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, Magyars tau mus rau Danube kom khaws cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm lawv tus thawj coj Almos, nqis los ntawm Attila. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Emeshe, leej niam ntawm Almos, ua npau suav tias nws tau cog qoob los ntawm cov noog dab neeg Turul (los ntawm Turkic "hawk") thiab kwv yees rau tus poj niam tias nws cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yuav yog tus kav zoo. Yog li, lub npe Almos tau muab, los ntawm lo lus Hungarian "àlom" - tsaug zog. Kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg Hungarians tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Prince Oleg thiab tau sau tseg hauv 898 hauv Phau Ntawv Laus Lavxias raws li kev tawm tsam kev nyab xeeb los ntawm thaj av Kiev mus rau sab hnub poob.

Xyoo 895-896, raws li cov lus txib ntawm Arpad, tus tub ntawm Almos, xya pawg neeg Magyar hla cov neeg Carpathians, thiab lawv cov thawj coj tau txiav txim siab pom zoo txog kev sib koom mus ib txhis ntawm pab pawg thiab kaw nws nrog ntshav. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsis muaj cov nom tswv tseem ceeb nyob nruab nrab ntawm Danube uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv Hungarians los ntawm kev ua cov av zoo. Cov kws sau keeb kwm Hungarian hu rau xyoo pua 10 lub sijhawm nrhiav lub tebchaws - Nonfoglalas. Cov Magyars tau dhau los ua cov neeg nyob ntsiag to, raug tshem tawm ntawm Slavs thiab Turks uas nyob ntawd thiab sib xyaw nrog lawv, vim tias lawv tsis muaj poj niam sab laug.

Tau txais ntau los ntawm cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig, cov neeg Hungarians tseem tsis tau poob lawv cov lus, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nthuav tawm nws. Hauv tib lub xyoo X, lawv tsim kev sau ntawv raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Latin. Arpad pib kav hauv nws lub tebchaws tshiab thiab nrhiav tau lub tebchaws Arpadovich. Xya pawg neeg uas tuaj rau thaj av Danube suav txog 400-500 txhiab, thiab nyob rau X-XI ib tiam 4-5 zaug ntau tus neeg pib hu ua Hungarians. Nov yog qhov neeg Hungarian tau tshwm sim, leej twg tsim lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Hungary hauv 1000. Hauv XI xyoo pua lawv tau koom nrog Pechenegs, raug tshem tawm los ntawm Polovtsians, thiab hauv XIII xyoo pua los ntawm Polovtsians lawv tus kheej, uas tau khiav tawm ntawm Mongol-Tatar ntxeem tau. Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov palots ntawm cov neeg Hungarian yog lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Hauv 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, kev tshawb fawb caj ces tau ua los tshawb nrhiav cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Hungarians, uas tau qhia tias Hungarians yog haiv neeg European ib txwm muaj, suav nrog qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb ntawm Hungary, thiab zaus ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg hais lus Finno-Ugric, ntawm cov neeg Hungarians nws tsuas yog 0.9%, uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, muab deb npaum li cas los ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv Ugric txoj hmoo coj lawv.

Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tseem xav paub txog ib lo lus nug ntxiv - Puas yog cov neeg Romanians niaj hnub no yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Loos puag thaum ub thiab Dacians ua tsov rog?.