Cov khoom qab zib qhwv los ntawm 150 xyoo dhau los qhia txog keeb kwm ua ntej kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia?

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Kev khaws cov khoom qab zib tuaj yeem suav tias yog txoj haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog yam haujlwm nyiam uas nrov heev niaj hnub no. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom loj, koj tuaj yeem pom cov pob khoom qab zib uas tsis muaj hnub nyoog ntau dua 150 xyoo! Ntxiv rau cov neeg sau khoom, lawv txaus siab rau keeb kwm, vim tias cov duab tiag tiag tuaj yeem siv los taug qab keeb kwm ntawm peb lub tebchaws, pib txij nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19.

Thawj cov khoom qab zib tau tshwm sim tsawg dua ob puas xyoo dhau los. Tau ntev, cov khoom qab zib yog kev tsim cov kws ua zaub mov thiab lawv tsuas yog muab rau lub rooj. Thaum cov khoom lag luam pib, lawv tsis tau xav tam sim txog ntim - cov ntawv dawb tau lo rau cov khoom qab zib, thiab nce lawv cov nqi ntau heev. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau yooj yim ntawm kev thauj mus los, khaws cia thiab tu cev yooj yim, khoom qab zib hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19 pib muab qhwv rau hauv ntawv ci. Thomas Edison feem ntau suav tias yog tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov ntawv qhwv. Ntxiv rau qhov kev lag luam ntawm lub teeb, lub suab paj nruag thiab ntau lwm yam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, daim ntawv waxed, uas tau ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam khoom qab zib, tig mus rau hauv nws lub hnab ntim khoom muaj tswv yim.

Nws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb tias cov khoom qab zib qhwv nrog daim duab ci yuav nyiam cov neeg yuav khoom, yog li cov khoom qab zib qhwv sai sai pib kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab kos. Qhov tseeb tias cov khoom qab zib tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshaj tawm nom tswv tsis tau tsim dua nyob hauv Soviet Union, tab sis ntev ua ntej nws. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tshaj tawm, ntim cov khoom qab zib yog thaj chaw zoo tshaj plaws - nws yeej poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab txhawb tsis yog kev txaus siab nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov koom haum zoo siab, yog li cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam Lavxias tam sim pib ua qhov kev cia siab no nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom qab zib loj hauv Russia nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19 pib sib tw hauv qhov tseem ceeb thiab zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov khoom ntim khoom. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib tus tswv koom nrog ntawm Eneim lub Hoobkas, Julius Grey, nws tus kheej tau koom nrog kev tsim qauv tsim cov khaub noom qhwv, nws nyiam kos duab kos duab thaum nws so, thiab nws cov neeg sib tw, cov chaw tsim khoom nto npe Alexei. Abrikosov, tau mus ntxiv - nws tau tsim tag nrho cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tau pib tsim cov duab kos rau chocolate ntim thiab khoom qab zib. 30 tus kws pleev xim tshaj lij tau ua haujlwm rau nws hauv chav ntim khoom, coj los ntawm Fyodor Shemyakin (tsev neeg no, los ntawm txoj kev, tau muab rau Russia ob peb tus kws ua yeeb yam zoo). Hauv lawv cov hluas, ntau lub hnub qub ntawm kev kos duab tau ua lawv lub neej los ntawm kev kos duab rau cov khoom qab zib: Ivan Bilibin, Ivan Ropet, Konstantin Somov, Victor thiab Appolinarius Vasnetsov, Sergei Yaguzhinsky, Boris Zvorykin, Evgeny Lancere.

Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom qab zib, nws tau sib raug zoo rau nws lub sijhawm, qhia txog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub neej thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub tebchaws. Ntxiv rau cov menyuam yaus zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj, cov neeg muaj koob npe tau pib tshwm rau ntawm cov khoom qab zib los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Qhov no tau muab cov tuam txhab tsim khoom thiab cov khoom lag luam muaj zog, thiab nws yeej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg nyiam nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Piv txwv li, Tsarskaya caramel tsim los ntawm A. I. Aprikosov thiab Cov Tub , nws piav txog lub monument rau Emperor Alexander II. Tom qab ntawd, tib lub caramel tau pib tsim los ntawm lwm qhov kev txhawj xeeb, cov khoom qab zib tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov cwj pwm ntawm vaj ntxwv lub hwj chim.

Kev koom tes Eneim tau mus ntxiv, tsim kab ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb cov khoom qab zib. Qhib cov pob khoom qab zib lossis kas fes zoo nkauj, tus neeg yuav khoom pom ntau nplooj ntawv muaj xim zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe lossis cov duab ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau lub tebchaws: kev ntiab tawm ntawm cov neeg Polish txeeb chaw los ntawm Moscow, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Minin thiab Pozharsky, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Ivan Susanin, yeej hauv Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812, lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov rau lub tebchaws. Nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov ntxig, ib tus tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv keeb kwm luv luv. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog huab tais huab tais thiab keeb kwm, nws muaj peev xwm kawm paub txog cov neeg ntawm Russia, nws cov paj thiab tsiaj, paub txog hom riam phom thiab kawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Phau ntawv qhia kev qab zib no tau ntxim nyiam heev los ntawm cov menyuam yaus txawm nyob hauv tsev neeg Romanov, thiab Einem kev koom tes xyoo 1913 tau txais lub npe khoom xa mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Nws Tus Vaj Ntxwv

Hauv tebchaws Russia, txawm tias ib txwm muaj kev ua koob tsheej nco txog keeb kwm keeb kwm lossis lawv cov hnub tseem ceeb nrog kev tso tawm cov khoom qab zib tshiab. Nws muaj keeb kwm qub heev - rov qab rau xyoo 1861, tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm kev dag ntxias, A. A. Savinova tau muag cov khoom qab zib "Kev Hloov Kho", "Volia", "Kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb" thiab "Kev tshem tawm ntawm kev ua phem." Hnub no cov khoom qab zib qhwv los ntawm cov keeb kwm no yog qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg paub.

Xyoo 1896, cov neeg ua khoom qab zib tam sim teb rau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm nom tswv - kev mus ntawm Nicholas II nrog nws tus poj niam mus rau Fabkis. Fab Kis Thawj Tswj Hwm Felix Faure, uas txhawb nqa kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub tebchaws, tom qab ntawd tau tshwm rau ntawm cov khoom qab zib. Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1903, cov txee tau ntim cov khoom qab zib nrog cov kev xav ntawm St. Petersburg - qhov no yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov khoom qab zib ua kev zoo siab rau 200 xyoos ib xyoos ntawm lub peev.

Txog xyoo 1913, txhua tus neeg tsim khoom qab zib hauv tebchaws Russia tau npaj ua ntej thiab ua haujlwm hnyav heev - kev ua koob tsheej nco txog 300 xyoo ntawm Romanov dynasty cog lus tias yuav yog kev ua koob tsheej loj, yog li cov khoom qab zib tshiab tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau nws thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntim khoom kim heev tsim. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho khoom plig qab zib rau tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe yog "Jubilee" ncuav qab zib nthuav tawm los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov khoom qab zib "A. Siu thiab K" rau tus huab tais nws tus kheej. Cov chaw tsim khoom Adolphe Siu tuaj nrog daim ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov ncuav qab zib, uas Nicholas II nyiam heev. Hauv tsuas yog 4 xyoos, lub tuam txhab no yuav dhau mus rau hauv Bolshevik lub chaw ua khoom qab zib, tab sis cov ncuav qab zib nto moo yuav tuav lawv lub npe li cas. Peb tseem tuaj yeem ua kev zoo siab rau lawv hnub no, txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no tsawg leej tib neeg paub tias hnub tseem ceeb no tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog rau hnub so Soviet.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov uas muaj hniav qab zib: Txhua xim ntawm zaj sawv hauv cov duab ntawm cov khoom qab zib los ntawm Emily Blincoe