Los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Slavic uas cov neeg Lavxias tau nqis los

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Txog rau xyoo pua 9th, Sab Hnub Poob Slavs muaj txog 15 qhov kev sib koom ua ke loj ntawm pab pawg lossis, raws li tus kws kho mob Nestor hu rau lawv, pab pawg neeg kav. Ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Great Russians, ob pab pawg yuav tsum raug tshwj xeeb - Vyatichi thiab Ilmen Slovenes. Cov av ntawm ob lub koomhaum no tau ua tiav nyob hauv ciam teb ntawm Russia niaj hnub no. Tag nrho cov neeg Slavic tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Lavxias, Belarusians thiab Ukrainians, txij li thaum lub sijhawm lawv nyob lawv tau nyob hauv thaj av ntawm ntau lub xeev niaj hnub no ib zaug.

Polish keeb kwm ntawm Vyatichi

Raws li Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, Vyatichi tuaj rau tebchaws Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 8 AD. thiab khom nyob hauv cov phiab ntawm Upper thiab Middle Oka. Cov lus hais kawg ntawm cov neeg no tau rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 13th, tab sis lawv cov keeb kwm tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th.

Hauv keeb kwm, Vyatichi tau paub tias yog neeg nyiam kev ywj pheej thiab ua tub rog - cov Kiev thawj coj yuav tsum ntes lawv tsawg kawg plaub zaug. Lawv tau thov Vajtswv rau cov mlom vajtswv thiab hwm tus Magi, tsis kam lees ua kev cai raus dej thiab ntxeev siab rau lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv txoj kev ntseeg. Txawm tias keeb kwm keeb kwm hauv tsev teev ntuj lees paub kev cai raus dej ntawm Vyatichi yog txheej txheem ntev tshaj plaws - lawv lees txais kev ntseeg tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 15th.

"Dab neeg ntawm xyoo dhau los" qhia ncaj qha tias Vyatichi, zoo li Radimichi, nqis los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Slavs - Tug (los ntawm "Lyakh caj ces"). Hauv phau ntawv sau keeb kwm, tus hauj sam Nestor qhia cov lus dab neeg txog ob kwv tij -lyakhah - Radim thiab Vyatko, uas tau dhau los ua neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Slavic. Vyatko tuaj rau tebchaws Russia thiab "zaum nrog nws tsev neeg ntawm Oka" - thaj chaw ntawm tam sim no Moscow, Oryol, Kaluga thiab lwm thaj chaw nyob sib ze. Txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txav los ntawm Polish Pomorie mus rau Lavxias Plain tuaj yeem taug qab los ntawm qee lub npe thiab hydronyms, piv txwv li, raws Pena, Vyacha, Ratomka thiab Dvina (Dzivna).

Ua ntej Vyatichi, Balts nyob hauv qhov siab ntawm Oka, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov monuments ntawm Moschinskaya kab lis kev cai pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias Baltic substrate muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm pawg neeg Vyatichi. Lub Balts tsis tau tawm hauv thaj av uas yog Slavs nyob, tab sis txuas ntxiv ua ke nyob rau tib thaj chaw, uas tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Vyatichi.

Cov seem los ntawm Moscow qhov chaw faus neeg cia peb txiav txim siab tias Vyatichi yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub pob txha taub hau, lub ntsej muag nqaim thiab dav, qhov nruab nrab nthuav tawm lub qhov ntswg nrog tus choj siab ntawm lub qhov ntswg. Soviet anthropologists G. F. Debets thiab T. A. Trofimov tau txiav txim siab los ntawm Vyatichi kom yog hom neeg Caucasian, thaum lawv tsis tau lees paub tias tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb Subural impurities yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg Finno-Ugric.

Radimichi - poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Belarusians thiab ib feem ntawm cov neeg Lavxias

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tsis muab kev pom zoo txog keeb kwm ntawm Radimichi. Raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, lawv tau los rau Russia ib puag ncig los ntawm thaj av Lyash raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lawv tus thawj coj - Radim. Radimichs tau nyob hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Dnieper thiab Desna sab saud ntawm Sozh River - hauv thaj tsam ntawm Gommel thiab Mogilev cheeb tsam ntawm Belarus. Txog rau xyoo pua 10, lub koomhaum Slavic tau khaws nws txoj kev ywj pheej, muaj nws tus kheej pab tub rog thiab kav cov neeg los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv pab pawg. Xyoo 885, Tus Yaj Saub Oleg tuav lub hwj chim rau lawv thiab yuam kom lawv them se. Xyoo 984, Radimichi thaum kawg koom nrog Kievan Rus.

Muaj ntau qhov kev xav uas cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm ntawm Lyash keeb kwm ntawm Radimichs. Cov neeg hais lus feem ntau ntseeg tias lub npe ntawm pawg neeg yog los ntawm Baltic keeb kwm. Qhov ze tshaj rau cov lus no yog cov ntsiab lus radimas (nrhiav) thiab radimviete (qhov chaw). Slavist thiab ethnographer E. F. Karsky ntseeg tias Radimichs tau tsiv mus rau Sozh los ntawm ntau thaj av sab hnub poob, qhov uas lawv yog cov neeg nyob ze nrog tus Pole, tab sis lawv tus kheej tsis yog Ylyakhs. Lub ntsiab lus pom no tau qhia los ntawm Czech kws tshawb fawb L. Niederle. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias lub hauv paus ntawm Kab thiab Narev yog qhov chaw yug ntawm "pab pawg neeg Radim".

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg keeb kwm ntawm Radimichi zoo ib yam li ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Slavs - lub taub hau oblong, lub qhov ntswg loj, tab sis lub ntsej muag dav dua li ntawm lawv cov txheeb ze "Vyatichi".

Krivichi yog pab pawg neeg coob tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus Slavs

Krivichi sawv cev rau ntau haiv neeg hauv zej zog nyob rau thaj tsam hav zoov ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe, lawv tsis nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Belarus niaj hnub no, Pskov thiab Smolensk cheeb tsam. Chronicle Krivichi yog lub tswv yim sib koom ua ke uas suav nrog cov ceg Polotsk, Smolensk thiab Pskov-Izborsk.

Pawg neeg Polotsk nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Vitebsk thiab Minsk niaj hnub no yog Slavic core ntawm Krivichi. Nws yog nyob rau hauv phiab ntawm Western Dvina uas pab pawg neeg coob tshaj plaws ntawm Slavs tau tsim, raws li tau hais hauv Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo. Hauv VII-VIII Polotsk Krivichi tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj, qhov twg cov pab pawg neeg Baltic thiab qee qhov ntawm Finno-Ugrians tau sib sau ua ke.

Tom qab tsim Kievan Rus, Krivichi, ua ke nrog Vyatichi, tau koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm thaj av sab hnub tuaj - thaj tsam Tver niaj hnub no, Vladimir, Kostroma, Ryazan, Yaroslavl thiab Nizhny Novgorod. Cov pab pawg cais cais nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Vologda, qhov uas lawv sib sau ua ke cov neeg Finnish hauv zos ntawm Dyakovo kab lis kev cai.

Krivichi yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob siab, lub taub hau ntev thiab nqaim, nthuav tawm, tab sis tsis ncaj qhov ntswg thiab lub puab tsaig ntse.

Ilmen Slovenes, lossis vim li cas lawv thiaj suav tias yog cov neeg tuaj tshiab los ntawm cheeb tsam Dnieper?

Ilmen Slovenes yog pawg neeg sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Slavic uas nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Ilmen phiab thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Mologa. Archaeologically, pawg pab pawg neeg no tau txheeb xyuas nrog lub npe hu ua "toj siab kev coj noj coj ua", uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua kom siab hauv qhov chaw faus neeg.

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog thaj tsam Dnieper los ua lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Slovenes, thaum lwm tus sib cav tias cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm toj kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm thaj av Baltic Hiav Txwv, vim tias lawv muaj ntau yam hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab tiv thaiv cov chaw tiv thaiv.. Soviet archaeologist P. N. Tretyakov tau qhia txog qhov pom ntawm Dnieper keeb kwm, taw qhia qhov zoo sib xws hauv kev tsim cov tsev faus neeg. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis kam lees qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv kev cuam tshuam nrog Baltic Slavs.

"Dab neeg ntawm xyoo dhau los" hais tias Ilmen Slovenes, ua ke nrog Krivichs, hu rau Varangians kom kav thiab koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam tub rog. Nws tseem ntseeg tias lawv tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm Russia, tsim kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo nrog Pomerania, cov kob ntawm Rügen, Gotland, Prussian thiab cov tub lag luam Arab.

Tom qab Veliky Novgorod dhau los ua peev ntawm Slovenes, cov neeg nyob hauv cov av no tau pib hu ua Novgorodians, thiab lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam Novgorod.

Lub ntsej muag anthropological ntawm Slovenians tau txawv me ntsis los ntawm feem ntau ntawm lwm cov neeg Slavic Sab Hnub Tuaj. Lawv yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm mesocrania (qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov ntev thiab dav ntawm pob txha taub hau), dav thiab muaj qhov ntswg.

Ciam teb qaum teb

Txawm hais tias lub npe no, cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau nyob sab qab teb ntawm Slovenes. Lawv qhov chaw yog Desna, Seim, Sab Qaum Teb Donets thiab Sula phiab. Ib nrab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau nyob thaj tsam tam sim no ntawm Ukraine (thaj tsam Sumy thiab Chernigov), thiab lwm tus nyob ntawm thaj av ntawm Russia niaj hnub no (Belgorod, Kursk thiab Bryansk cheeb tsam).

Sab ciam teb sab hnub poob cais thaj av Seversk los ntawm cov tiaj nyom yog Dnieper. Sab hnub tuaj, lawv nyob ua ke nrog Vyatichi, nyob rau sab qaum teb - nrog Radimichs thiab Balts -Goliad.

Lub neej ntawm pab pawg neeg sib koom ntawm Sivertsy raws li lub xeev lub xeev tuaj yeem taug qab los ntawm 8 txog 10 xyoo pua. Qhov kev hais zaum kawg hauv keeb kwm rov qab rau xyoo 1024.

Yuav ua li cas cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau tshwm sim ntawm lawv thaj av keeb kwm tsis paub meej. Muaj ntau qhov kev xav ntawm qhov qhab nia no. Piv txwv li, Lev Gumilev ntseeg tias cov no yog Savirs nomads sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov Slavs. Historian V. P. Kobychev tau hais tawm qhov kev xav txog kev hloov chaw ntawm Sivertsy los ntawm thaj av sab hnub poob lossis sab qab teb Slavic. Ib pawg neeg uas muaj tib lub npe tau paub nyob rau xyoo 7 -10 xyoo pua hauv thaj tsam Danube hauv Bulgaria. Thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj, raws li Kobychev, tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm Kev Txom Nyem Loj ntawm Cov Neeg.

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe ntawm pab pawg pab pawg neeg tseem muaj lus nug. Raws li V. V. Sedov, nws muaj keeb kwm Scythian-Sarmatian thiab tau txhais ua "dub" (Chernigov).

Rau cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb, sab ntsej muag, lub qhov ntswg tawm los (ntau dua li ntawm lwm tus Slavs), txhuam nyias thiab qhov me me yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Vim qhov tseeb tias Slavs txhua qhov chaw ntawm lawv txoj kev ntsib cov neeg Slavic ua ntej, koj tuaj yeem ua tau los sib cav hais tias tsis muaj Slavs yam tsis muaj impurities txhua.