Cov lus Proto-Slavic: nws yog dab tsi thiab koj tuaj yeem kawm nws li cas thaum tsis muaj kev sau ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Koj tuaj yeem troll, cog lus, ntxub thiab lwm txoj hauv kev qhia koj tus cwj pwm rau koj cov hauv paus hniav, thiab qhov tseeb yog qhov tseeb: txog li ib feem peb ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus ntawm tus neeg niaj hnub hais lus Lavxias tuaj ntawm Proto-Slavic lus. Tsis muaj ib txoj kev khiav dim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus uas rov mus ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, thiab puas tsim nyog nws?

Lawv pib kawm cov lus qub li cas rau txhua tus Slavs

Txawm hais tias qhov kev kawm ntawm cov neeg ua ntej ntawm cov lus Slavic tau pib tsis ntev los no, cov lus hais lus, lub suab thiab cov lus zoo sib xws ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus ntawm pab pawg neeg tau ib txwm pom tseeb: txawm tam sim no, ib txwm hais lus ntawm Lavxias lus tuaj yeem sib tham tau yooj yim nrog tus neeg hais lus hauv Bulgarian lossis Polish, tsis hais txog cov neeg sawv cev txawm tias nyob ze cov kab lis kev cai - Belarusian thiab Ukrainian. Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis muaj lwm pab pawg lus uas muaj cov zej zog tau hais tawm. …. Linguists hu cov lus no Proto-Slavic. Thawj qhov kev piav qhia ntawm nws tau muab xyoo 1858 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Lub Yim Hli Schleicher hauv nws tsab xov xwm "A Brief Sketch of the History of the Slavic Languages".

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qub no yog qhov uas tsis tau sau ib tsab ntawv Proto-Slavic, tsis muaj ib daim ntawv muaj sia nyob, uas yog, nws yuav tsum tau rov tsim kho dua tshiab, raws ntau qhov kev sib piv thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov lus tom qab. Vim li no, thaum sau cov lus ntawm cov lus Proto-Slavic, kos npe rau thaum pib-lub hnub qub-asterisk, uas hais txog qhov ua piv txwv ntawm lo lus.

Nws tseem yog cov lus nug tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm qhov uas tib cov neeg hais lus ntawm Proto -Slavic lus nyob - pom tseeb, nws yog thaj chaw me me. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom tias yog lub tebchaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Europe, thiab nruab nrab, thiab txawm tias sab hnub poob - ntug dej ntawm Vistula River. Raws li rau lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv uas muaj nyob ntawm Proto -Slavic cov lus tuaj yeem haum, lawv tau txhais raws li lub sijhawm txij li II - Kuv txhiab xyoo BC. txog rau xyoo V xyoo tshiab, thaum cov txheej txheem kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw pib hauv Tebchaws Europe, thiab pab pawg neeg nomadic tsis tsuas yog yuam kom cov Slavs txav mus, tabsis tseem cuam tshuam rau lawv cov lus, ua rau muaj tshwm sim ntau thiab ntau hom lus.

Ib me ntsis txog Proto-Slavic

Dab tsi yog paub txog cov lus Proto-Slavic? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tau tsim meej uas nws tau muaj tiag. Ntawd yog, ib zaug hauv qee pab pawg neeg coob, txhua tus tuaj yeem hais lus "Proto-Slavic" thiab txhua tus nkag siab ib leeg. Qhov no tau ntev ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev - nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Slavic keeb kwm, lub neej tau tsim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm pab pawg neeg.

Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb los hais tias cov neeg hais lus ntawm Proto -Slavic tsis nyob ntawm ntug hiav txwv - qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv cov lus tsis muaj cov lus "hiav txwv". Nws tuaj yeem sau cov duab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg, siv cov lus "pob zeb", "straw", "oats", "grain", "cheese", "qaub cream", "axe", "dos", "spindle" raws li cais "puzzle" "Thiab ntau lwm yam. Ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm philologists uas pom cov qauv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm ntau cov ntawv lo lus, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo li pom txog lub neej ntawm Slavic cov poj koob yawm txwv dua li los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm.

Cov lus Proto-Slavic tsis tau tawm ntawm xiav, los ntawm nws tus kheej. Nws tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Proto-Indo-European, uas txhua yam lus ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European rov qab los. Feem ntau ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus Slavic feem ntau los ntawm qhov ntawd - piv txwv li, "tsev", "tus poj niam", "daus", ntau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov lus tseem tsis hloov pauv, cov xwm txheej tseem nyob. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias muaj lub sijhawm thaum muaj lus Pro-Balto-Slavonic, uas tom qab ntawd tau faib ua ob ceg loj sib cais.

Tab sis nyob rau ib puas xyoo uas Proto-Slavic tau muaj ua ib hom lus, nws tsis hloov pauv: txawm tias tom qab ntawd nws tau nplua nuj nrog kev qiv, uas ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus nrog lwm haiv neeg. Yog li, piv txwv li, lo lus "tub qhe", "niam tais", "chaw nyob" tau txais los ntawm Celtic, thiab lus Iran tau muab Proto-Slavic "vaj tswv" thiab "axe". Pragermans nthuav qhia cov lus "tub huabtais", "tub rog", "tsev teev ntuj", los ntawm Goths Proto-Slavs saws "tais", "mov ci", "caw". Ntau lexemes los ntawm lus German sab hnub poob- piv txwv li, "huab tais", "tsev pheeb suab", "hauj sam". Qiv, ntxiv rau, thiab cov lus los ntawm cov lus Greek thiab Latin.

Dab tsi tau dhau sijhawm dhau los lus Proto-Slavic

Qhov pib ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Proto-Slavic yog ntaus nqi rau xyoo pua thib tsib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab. Tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm cov lus tshiab tau hnyav dua, thiab tom qab ntau pua xyoo cov lus hais los ntawm Slavs tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog ib leeg. Txog thaum kawg ntawm thawj ib puas xyoo, nws tau faib ua West Slavic, East Slavic thiab South Slavic ceg. Ntawm cov lus uas tseem muaj, thawj pab pawg suav nrog Czech, Slovak thiab Polish, thib ob - Lavxias, Belarusian thiab Ukrainian, thiab ntawm pab pawg thib peb - Bulgarian, Macedonian, Slovenian.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lus Proto-Slavic, cov qauv ntawm nws txoj kev txhim kho, kev cuam tshuam rau lwm yam lus yog qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm xyoo pua 20th thiab txuas ntxiv mus txuas ntxiv ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Kev tsim thiab ntxiv ntawm Proto-Slavic phau ntawv txhais lus tau ua tas li, ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb, kev sib piv ntawm cov lej loj ntawm cov lus. Ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, kev sib tham txuas ntxiv hais txog ob thaj tsam thiab sijhawm sijhawm uas cov lus Proto-Slavic tau muaj thiab tsim tawm. Ib pawg neeg Slavic uas nyob ib txhiab lossis ob xyoos dhau los, nws, tsis ntseeg, nws tuaj yeem piav qhia nws tus kheej thiab nkag siab. Txawm hais tias lub neej tau hloov pauv dhau qhov lees paub, thiab kab ntawm cov tsev neeg lus tau dhau los ua tuab dua.

Tab sis qhov twg hauv Lavxias yeej "hurray" tuaj thiab yog vim li cas cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau txais qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no.