Cov keeb kwm ntawm tsob ntoo Xyoo Tshiab hauv Russia: Los ntawm lub cim ntawm toj ntxas thiab tavern rau Stalin nyiam

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Santa Claus, Snow Maiden, khoom plig thiab tangerines. Thiab tsob ntoo. Hnub no nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog Xyoo Tshiab thiab Christmas yam tsis muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj no. Nws yuav zoo li tsob ntoo txij thaum pib ntawm nws lub neej yog tsob ntoo caij ntuj no, tab sis qhov no tsis yog li ntawd.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Culturology, MOSGORTUR tus neeg sib tham tau tham nrog cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Moscow thiab pom tias muaj teeb meem dab tsi tsob ntoo Christmas tau kov yeej hauv Russia ua ntej dhau los ua tsob ntoo tseem ceeb ntawm lub caij ntuj no.

Christmas tsob ntoo ua lub cim ntawm toj ntxas thiab pub

Tsob ntoo ntawm kev tuag, phau ntawv qhia rau lub ntiaj teb neeg tuag thiab "kho kom zoo nkauj" ntawm thaj chaw faus neeg - cov duab ib txwm muaj ntawm tsob ntoo Christmas ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, uas muaj nyob txog rau xyoo pua 17th, tsis zoo ib yam nrog lub tswv yim kev lom zem niaj hnub no ntawm tsob ntoo. Nruab nrab ntawm ob tsob ntoo, kev tua tus kheej tau faus, cov ceg ntoo raug pov rau txoj kev mus rau tom toj ntxas, cov paws ntawm tsob ntoo npog lub qhov ntxa thaum lub caij ntuj no, thiab qee qhov nws feem ntau txwv tsis pub cog ntoo nyob ze lub tsev - lawv ntshai txiv neej tuag. Lwm lub ntiaj teb lub cim tseem tau cuam tshuam txog kev kos duab hauv zej zog, txawm tias ib lub npe ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog zoo li "Yels".

Kev hloov ntawm tsob ntoo mus rau "sab ci" tau pib hauv Peter lub Great era. Txoj cai lij choj ntawm 1699 tau hloov pauv cov txheej txheem keeb kwm - tsis yog los ntawm lub sijhawm tsim lub ntiaj teb, tab sis los ntawm kev yug los ntawm Khetos - thiab tau hloov hnub ntawm "xyoo tshiab" txij lub Cuaj Hlis 1 txog Lub Ib Hlis 1. Cov lus qhia txog yuav teeb tsa hnub so li cas kuj tseem siv tau. Kho kom zoo nkauj lub peev nrog rab koob ntoo thuv, tso foob pob hluav taws thiab teeb hluav taws yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Xyoo Tshiab cov ntawv sau tshuaj. Tsob ntoo Christmas maj mam dhau los ua lub cim ntawm hnub so, tab sis nws tseem raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm tsob ntoo "pos" tso cai rau kho vaj tsev, thiab nws qhov chaw nyob - Peter txoj cai tau hais kom muab tsob ntoo tsis nyob hauv chav, tab sis sab nraum nws.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Peter I, tsob ntoo Christmas kev lig kev cai tsuas yog khaws cia los ntawm kev tsim cov dej haus. Nws yog los ntawm cov ntoo sawv ntawm lub rooj vag lossis ntawm lub ru tsev uas taverns tau txheeb xyuas. Cov ntoo zoo nkauj tau yoo yoo txhua lub xyoo puag ncig thiab muab txoj hauv kev rau lawv cov kev hloov pauv nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm Xyoo Tshiab tom ntej. Txog tsob ntoo Christmas tsis zoo ntawm cov tib neeg, cov khw qhib pib hu ua "Ivans-Yolkin" thiab yooj yim "Christmas ntoo".

Muaj koob muaj npe foom koob hmoov rau tsob ntoo Christmas

Hauv tebchaws Russia, thawj tsob ntoo Christmas tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. St Petersburg Germans tso ntoo hauv lawv lub tsev rau hnub so. Cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, rau tus ntoo uas yog lub cim ntawm Christmas, tsis mus tso tseg lawv cov kev lig kev cai. Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm "sib sau ua ke" ntawm coniferous kev zoo nkauj yog qhov nyuaj. Hauv 20-30s ntawm XIX xyoo pua, tsob ntoo tseem tsis tau tso cai rau hauv tsev thiab tau pom tias yog neeg German.

Nicholas Kuv raug suav hais tias yog tus pioneer hauv "kev qhia" ntawm cov ntoo hauv tebchaws Russia - nyob rau xyoo 30s lig, tsob ntoo Christmas tshwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus kav tebchaws, tsis yog tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm nws tus pojniam German. Cov piv txwv ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe tau dhau los ua kev sib kis, thiab tsob ntoo tau nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm lub nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, tsawg leej tuaj yeem them taus Christmas txuj ci tseem ceeb - tus nqi ntawm tsob ntoo Christmas zoo nkauj ncav 200 rubles. Tom qab ntawd rau 350 rubles ib tsev neeg tuaj yeem "ntiav" tsev pheeb suab rau ib xyoos! Christmas tsob ntoo zoo siab tau ntes St. Petersburg los ntawm nruab nrab-40s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Lawv tau sau txog cov ntoo hauv cov ntawv xov xwm thiab ntawv xov xwm, tsob ntoo tau tshwm sim hauv cov tsev ntawm cov pejxeem ib txwm nyob, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo kaum xyoo lawv tau pib muag ntawm cov chaw lom zem.

Christmas kev lag luam thiab tub sab nyiag khoom

Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, kev ua lag luam Christmas tsim los rau hauv kev lag luam cais. - hais tias Maria Kalish, tus kws tshawb fawb laus ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Moscow.

Fir-ntoo tau muag hauv qhov chaw dav tshaj plaws thiab muaj neeg nyob coob: hauv lub nroog ib puag ncig thiab cov dej khov, nyob ze ntawm chav nyob, thiab tom qab ntawd tshwj xeeb Christmas ntoo ntoo kev lag luam. Peasants coj lawv mus rau ntawd. Tus tswv "tus tswv" txo tus nqi ntoo, tab sis txog tam sim no tsis yog txhua tsev neeg tuaj yeem yuav tsob ntoo Christmas, vim nws tseem xav tau kho kom zoo nkauj, uas txhais tau tias yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom ua si thiab khoom plig ntxiv. Lub nroog nom tswv nom tswv, tsis ntsib teeb meem zoo li no, tau teeb tsa Christmas ntoo sib tw ntawm lawv tus kheej - uas nws tsob ntoo siab dua, nplua nuj dua thiab muaj kuab dua.

Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, St. Petersburg Christmas tsob ntoo zam tau dhau mus dhau lub peev thiab kis mus rau thaj av thiab tsev ntawm cov tswv av. Thiab nrog rau tsob ntoo tuaj txog kev lig kev cai German hnub so. Ntoo Christmas tau suav tias yog tsev neeg, muaj xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Thaum xub thawj, qhov paub tsis meej ntawm tsob ntoo nyob hauv tsev thiab nws qhov kev npaj rau hnub so tsuas yog muaj rau cov neeg laus - cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv tsev neeg tau pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm niam txiv txoj haujlwm tsuas yog Hnub Christmas, tab sis dhau sijhawm, menyuam yaus pib koom nrog kho cov ntoo. Khoom qab zib, txiv ntseej daj thiab txiv apples tau dai rau nws. Hauv Moscow, nws yog qee yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo - cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo Crimean me me, uas tau tshwj xeeb coj tuaj rau kev lom zem rau Christmas. Cov khoom ua si thiab kho kom zoo nkauj tau yuav lossis ua hauv tsev - cov chij xim tau txiav tawm ntawm cov duab los qhia, cov txiv ntoo tau pleev xim rau, thiab cov foob pob hluav taws tau tsim. Ntoo Christmas dai kom zoo nkauj "nyob" tsuas yog ob peb teev. Raws li tib yam kev coj noj coj ua hauv German, tsob ntoo tau muab rau menyuam yaus rau kev ua phem - nws yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem. Tsob ntoo tau muab pov rau hauv av, txhua yam khoom noj tau raug tshem tawm thiab cov khoom ua si tau plucked nrog rau cov ceg ntoo.

Kev sib ntaus rau lub neej coniferous

Thaum pib ntawm ib puas xyoo, cov ntoo Christmas rau cov menyuam tau dhau los ua tus qauv. Cov hnub so tau npaj rau txhua tus menyuam, tsis hais txog chav kawm thiab qib kev nyab xeeb ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv. Kev koom tes pub dawb rau cov neeg pluag tau muaj nyob hauv chaw tu menyuam ntsuag thiab chaw nyob hauv tebchaws, thiab hnub so kuj tau teeb tsa rau cov menyuam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb thiab zoo siab Christmas tsob ntoo lub neej tau xaus nrog lub zog ntawm Bolsheviks - lawv tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv "kev ntxub ntxaug kev ntseeg." Christmas tau muaj lub npe hu ua "Tib Neeg Hnub Haus Dej" thiab hnub so tau raug tshem tawm xyoo 1929. Tsob ntoo kuj raug txwv. Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj ua ntej Christmas, cov neeg saib xyuas tau tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev nrhiav cov ntoo tsis raug cai zais hauv tsev, tiv thaiv Christmas yav tsaus ntuj tau muaj nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv tsis txhob ntoo.

Kev txaj muag tau xaus rau xyoo 1935 - tog tau lees paub qhov kev thov ntawm Pavel Postyshev, tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog ntawm All -Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks, los npaj "tsob ntoo Christmas zoo rau menyuam yaus rau xyoo tshiab." Christmas tau hloov xyoo tshiab. Ib tsob ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo tam sim ntawd nchuav rau hauv lub tebchaws kev lag luam, dai kom zoo nkauj tsob ntoo Christmas tau tshwm sim hauv cov tsev kawm txuj ci thiab ntawm cov chaw sib tw skating. Ib hnub dhau los, hnub so ua ntej kev tawm tsam tau rov qab los, thiab tsob ntoo tawm hauv av los ua lub cim ntawm kev zoo siab Soviet thaum yau.

Ntoo Christmas tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau ua - txhua lub tsev haujlwm, txij qib pib mus txog rau lub hoobkas, yuav tsum tuav lub Xyoo Tshiab cov xwm txheej raws li qhov xwm txheej tau pom zoo ua ntej thiab txheej txheem. Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws, kev xav ntawm hnub so tau ua kom ntau ntxiv - cov phau ntawv nrog Stalin cov lus qhia rau Xyoo Tshiab tau luam tawm hauv ntau lab luam. Kev tsim cov ntoo Christmas thiab kho kom zoo nkauj tau nce zuj zus, tab sis tsis yooj yim, tab sis yog qhov tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog. Cov Tub Rog Liab, cov dav hlau thiab cov submarines tau qhia txog lub tebchaws txoj kev vam meej thiab lub zog. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom ua si tau pom zoo los ntawm pawg saib xyuas thiab cov nyiaj tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.

Hauv 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, tsob ntoo tau tshem ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv xim. Tau dhau los ntawm kev tsov kev rog thiab hloov pauv lub zog, nws muaj peev xwm khaws nws tus kheej ua "tsob ntoo ntawm kev xyiv fab thiab xav tsis thoob". Ib tsob ntoo niaj hnub no yog lub cim ntawm tsev neeg ua kev zoo siab thiab cov dab neeg. Nov yog lub cim ntawm hnub so. Cia nws yog Xyoo Tshiab, tsis yog Christmas.