Thaum thawj qib tsev kawm ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau qiv los ntawm cov neeg German li cas

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Cov tsev kawm qib kindergarten tau paub txij li lub sijhawm tsarist. Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool tau qhib hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 19th. Ntxiv mus, txoj haujlwm kev kawm tau qiv los ntawm cov neeg German. Tom qab ntawd lub vaj tau them, ntiag tug thiab nkag tsis tau rau cov neeg zoo tib yam. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm USSR lawv tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet lub neej.

"Gardeners" thiab "paj ntawm lub neej"

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev saib xyuas menyuam kawm preschool hauv cov menyuam yaus tau sib koom tau tsim los ntawm tus kws qhia German Froebel. Nws tau tsim thawj lub tsev haujlwm hauv tebchaws Yelemes xyoo 1837, uas tom qab ntawd tau dhau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov tsev kawm hnub no. Hauv cov ntsiab lus kev xav, Froebel tau teev tseg raws li tus neeg xav tau zoo, uas xav tias kev kawm ncaj ncees yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ci ntsa iab. Hauv nws cov txheej txheem, nws tau ua haujlwm ntxaws ntxaws cais qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tus menyuam, suav nrog kev tsim thiab ua si sab nraum zoov hauv cov haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov npoj yaig pom nws txoj kev txhim kho ib yam nkaus. Frebel hu ua xib fwb qhia qib kindergarten "tus ua teb". Thiab menyuam yaus, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, yog Vajtswv lub paj, uas yuav tsum tau cog nrog kev hlub. Lub tsev kawm ntawv qib qis, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm tus tsim, yog tawm tsam kev txav mus los ntawm tib neeg kev tua neeg mus rau lub ntiaj teb bogged hauv kev thev naus laus zis.

Hauv cov menyuam lub tsev kawm ntawv uas paub zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau koom nrog hauv kev xaws khaub ncaws, cim tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab txhua yam no nyob ntsiag to. Froebel tau muab nws cov lus nyuaj ua tiav hauv kev tawm tsam rau cov uas twb muaj lawm. Raws li nws txoj kev qhia, "cov neeg ua teb" khaws cov lus sib tham nrog menyuam yaus tsis tu ncua, piav qhia txog txhua qhov tshwm sim ib puag ncig, kawm xim nrog lawv siv cov pob zeb uas muaj xim, siv cov khoom siv pom kev hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm - cov pob, pob thiab cov khoom ua si ntoo. Froebel yog thawj tus xaiv lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ua lub tsev haujlwm rau kev txhim kho menyuam yaus. Cov kab ke no tau txais koob meej hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tsis hla Russia.

Thawj lub vaj Lavxias rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv nplua nuj

Tom qab qhib thawj lub tsev kawm qib siab them nyiaj xyoo 1859 hauv Helsingfors, ib lub tsev haujlwm zoo sib xws tshwm sim xyoo 1863 hauv St. Petersburg. Tus tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv me me yog tus poj niam ntawm xibfwb Lugebil. Rau 10 xyoo tom ntej, them nyiaj menyuam lub tsev tau tshwm sim hauv Voronezh, Smolensk, Irkutsk, Moscow, Tbilisi. Lub koom haum thiab cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm kev kawm hauv cov vaj no tau vam khom los ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas. Hauv qee qhov, feem ntau pom los ntawm Lavxias German, Froebel system tau siv raws li txheej txheem. Hauv lwm tus, tus saib xyuas nrog cov kws qhia ntawv tab tom nrhiav haujlwm tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thuam tus kws qhia ntawv German thiab ua raws cov lus qhia ntawm Ushinsky, Tolstoy thiab lwm tus kws qhia hauv tsev.

Piv txwv li, hauv Lugebil cov tsev kawm qib siab, lawv tau sim zam kev nruj thiab kev tswj hwm, muab sijhawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los xaiv kev ua si thiab kev ua ub no raws li lawv nyiam nyob hauv kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm "tus neeg ua teb". Hauv lub caij sov, txhua qhov kev lom zem nquag tau tshwm sim hauv qhov - hauv paj thiab vaj, thiab thaum lub caij ntuj no menyuam yaus lom zem lawv tus kheej nrog cov dej khov. Cov kws qhia ntawv tau caw niam txiv los tshuaj xyuas cov menyuam, thaum muab cov lus qhia rau lawv kom muaj huab cua zoo nyob hauv tsev. Lugebil feem ntau koom nrog kev ua si thiab kev ua ub no ntawm tus kheej, uas tau txais kev hwm thiab kev nyiam ntawm feem ntau ntawm tsev neeg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Nws tsom mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev xav, yog li tsis yog ib hnub dhau los hauv nws lub tsev yam tsis muaj dab neeg dab neeg thiab tham lus zoo. Lub vaj ntiag tug Simonovich, uas muaj nyob hauv St. Petersburg xyoo 1866-1869, kuj tseem muaj qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov kev zoo siab. Hauv cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws txawm tias yog "tus ntse tshaj".

Folk vaj rau cov neeg pluag

Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv dawb pub dawb rau pej xeem, muaj rau cov neeg nyob qis dua, tau qhib hauv St. Petersburg xyoo 1866 raws li kev siab hlub "Society of Cheap Apartments" rau cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg tu vaj tsev. Cov chav kawm tau raug teeb tsa raws li tib yam Frebelian system. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv nyob hauv tsev laus tshaj plaws tau kawm cov vaj lug kub, thov Vajtswv, ua paj ntaub, kos duab thiab ua haujlwm zoo nkauj. Ib lub rooj cob qhia xaws rau xaws menyuam cov ris tsho hauv qab, ntxhua khaub ncaws, chav ua noj ua haus thiab txawm tias yog tsev kawm ntawv theem qis rau menyuam yaus uas niam txiv ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tau teeb tsa hauv tib neeg lub vaj. Cov menyuam yaus laus tau kawm nyeem thiab sau ib teev nyob rau ib hnub, nrog rau tham nrog tus kws qhia ntawv. Tsis pom cov lus teb hauv lub voj voos fais fab, cov neeg kawm qib pib, uas tau muaj nyob rau ntau xyoo, tau raug kaw vim tsis muaj nyiaj.

Soviet tawg

Cov tsev kawm qib kindergarten tau tsim kho nrawm tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia thaum lub sijhawm Soviet, thaum qhov teeb meem ntawm kev siv nyiaj nruab nrab tau daws. Los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm USSR, kaum ob ntawm cov menyuam lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib. Lub xeev hluas xav tau tes ua haujlwm, suav nrog poj niam. Yog li ntawd, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg muaj hwj chim, leej niam leej txiv, uas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm, yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob los ntawm lo lus nug "leej twg yuav tso tus menyuam tseg." Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb tias xeev cov tsev kawm qib siab tau lees paub lub luag haujlwm rau kev saib xyuas menyuam yaus txij li hnub nyoog menyuam yaus, cov tsev kawm preschool yog thawj theem ntawm kev kawm theem nrab, uas tau teev tseg hauv Txoj Cai Lij Choj. Lub tsev zov me nyuam thiab tsev kawm qib me nyuam yog thawj qhov sib cais los ntawm ib leeg (cov menyuam hnub nyoog 2 hlis tau nkag mus rau hauv chaw zov me nyuam, lub tsev kawm qib pib nrhiav cov tub ntxhais kawm txij hnub nyoog 3 xyoos). Xyoo 1959, cov chav no tau koom ua ke rau hauv ib lub tsev haujlwm, uas lawv tau coj los ntawm kev koom ua ke kev kawm thiab kev qhia tsim los ntawm Ministry of Education "los ntawm yooj yim mus rau nyuaj". Lub tsev zov me nyuam -qib tsev kawm ntawv tau faib ua xya pab pawg - 3 lub tsev zov me nyuam thiab 4 lub tsev kawm qib kindergarten.

Cov tsev kawm ntawv me tsis muaj nyob hauv USSR. Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool tau teev tseg hauv lub xeev (hauv nroog), lossis raug suav tias yog chav haujlwm (saib xyuas los ntawm qee yam kev lag luam). Ntxiv mus, lub xeev nyiaj txiag tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav dav kev tsim kho cov tsev kawm qib siab, tab sis kuj yog tsov ntxhuav txoj kev qhia ntawm lwm yam kev xav tau. Txhua yam khoom ua si, rooj tog, phau ntawv, tais diav, thiab lwm yam, tsim nyog rau cov txheej txheem kev kawm, tau yuav hauv qhov xav tau thiab hloov kho tas li. Ntawm niam txiv lub xub pwg tso tus nqi tsawg kawg ntawm zaub mov rau tus menyuam, tus lej uas tau suav los ntawm tag nrho tsev neeg cov nyiaj tau los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov niam txiv tau nyiaj tsawg thiab tsev neeg coob tsis tau them txhua lub tsev kawm qib pib.

Zoo, kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Russia, hauv tsev neeg pluag, tseem txawv. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog txhua tus paub hnub no Vim li cas cov ntxhais xav tau leej txiv lub tsho, leej twg yog Kriksa thiab tus menyuam hnub nyoog 10 xyoo tuaj yeem ua dab tsi.