Thawj tus kws yees duab Lavxias tau tua dab tsi thiab lawv tau siv cov txheej txheem twg?

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Kev kos duab kos duab tau nthuav tawm hauv Russia tom qab Tebchaws Europe. Nrog kev pab los ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, piav qhia txog txheej txheem kev yees duab, thawj cov cuab yeej, tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cov duab tau tshwm ntawm qhov pov tseg ntawm thawj cov kws tshaj lij kev yees duab. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua chav kawm xav ua kws yees duab hauv tebchaws Russia. Txhua leej txhua tus - kws tshawb fawb, kws kho mob, neeg ua teb thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm - tau thov kom qhib kev lag luam duab. Tab sis qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv daim duab tshiab, tau kawg, tau ua tiav los ntawm tib neeg los ntawm tsev kawm txuj ci zoo.

Thawj cov cuab yeej yees duab Lavxias

Grekov lub tshuab luam ntawv tseem nyob hauv keeb kwm raws li tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov cuab yeej siv yees duab thiab tus thawj coj ntawm kev yees duab duab. Grekov cov cuab yeej siv yees duab suav nrog peb ntu tub rau khoom. Thawj yog lub koob yees duab obscura, qhov thib ob yog lub luag haujlwm rau iodization ntawm cov phiaj, thiab hauv qhov thib peb, cov phaj twb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cawv mercury.

Aleksey yog thawj tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias ua tus tswv calotype - tau txais qhov tsis zoo ntawm daim ntawv tsau rau hauv kev daws teeb meem. Tam sim ntawd tom qab pom pom daguerreotype los ntawm Fab Kis Louis Louis Daguerre xyoo 1840, Grekov txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab ntxiv dag zog rau daim duab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Grekov tau qhib qhov chaw ua haujlwm kos duab kos duab rau duab thaij duab.

Tsuas yog daim duab nrog Gogol thiab thawj daim duab retouch

Lwm tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias hauv kev yees duab yog Sergei Levitsky. Cov duab pib tau coj los ntawm nws thaum lub sijhawm Caucasian ntoj ncig xyoo 1842. Txoj kev taug no tau dhau los ua ciam teb rau kev muaj tswv yim - tus neeg ua haujlwm tau tso nws qhov chaw thiab tam sim no mob siab rau nws tus kheej nkaus xwb rau kev yees duab. Txog cov duab los ntawm Pyatigorsk thiab Kislovodsk, tus kws yees duab tau txais khoom plig kub ntawm kev nthuav qhia duab Paris. Taug kev ncig Rome, Levitsky yees duab cov tswv cuab ntawm Lavxias zej zog - daim duab no tsuas yog ib leeg nrog Nikolai Gogol. Tom qab ntawd, nws kuj tau dhau los ua tus sau thawj daim duab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Sovremennik - Turgenev, Grigorovich, Tolstoy, Ostrovsky thiab Goncharov.

Hauv St. Petersburg, tus kws yees duab tau qhib lub daguerreotype studio-photo studio "Svetopis", yog ib tus thawj uas muab cov duab collages thiab retouching rau tus saib. Ua ke, Levitsky kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev txhawb nqa txuj ci ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tsim tswv yim. Raws li nws cov duab, ib qho "accordion" tau tsim - lub koob yees duab nrog lub tshuab raj los pab txhawb kev tsom mus rau lub teeb pom kev zoo. Nicholas I, Alexander II thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev hais plaub muaj koob muaj npe tau nkag mus rau lub lens ntawm Levitsky - tus kws yees duab tau tswj kom ntes ntau li plaub tiam ntawm cov neeg kav tebchaws Lavxias. Xyoo 1877, Levitsky thiab nws tus tub hlob, uas ua haujlwm ua ke nrog nws txiv, tau txais lub ntsiab lus "Cov Kws Yees Duab ntawm Lawv Lub Tebchaws Loj Tshaj Plaws."

Chronicler ntawm Petersburg lub neej

Karl Bulla tau txiav txim siab hauv tebchaws Russia kom yog leej txiv ntawm cov ntawv sau duab thiab hais txog kev ua neej nyob niaj hnub nyob hauv St. Petersburg. Nws yog ib tus thawj coj ua txoj kev yees duab thiab yog tus kws yees duab nkaus xwb uas tau txais lub cim qhuas "Tus kws yees duab ntawm St. Petersburg". Cov phaj bromo-gelatin qhuav tsim los ntawm tus tswv hauv nws lub chaw kuaj mob tau siv los ntawm kws yees duab thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Bulla tau ntes cov duab muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd: pib ntawm Aurora, dej nyab xyoo 1903 hauv St. Cov ntawv xa ntawv nrog lub nroog loj saib yog luam tawm hauv nws lub tsev luam ntawv. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Bull tus neeg sau xov xwm tau yuav los ntawm ob daim ntawv xov xwm hauv tsev thiab ntawv xov xwm, thiab txawv teb chaws, tshwj xeeb, German luam tawm xov xwm. Carl Bull tseem ua haujlwm ua duab, kho Emperor Nicholas II, Stolypin, Gorky, Chaliapin, Kshesinskaya thiab lwm tus hauv ntau pua xyoo.

Tus sau cov duab xim

Hauv cov xyoo ntawd, thaum cov duab dub thiab dawb hauv lawv tus kheej zoo li tsis muaj qhov txawv txav, kws yees duab-kws tshuaj kws tshuaj Prokudin-Gorsky tau mus ncig ib puag ncig thaj tsam ntawm Tebchaws Russia, tsim cov duab xim. Sergei Mikhailovich tsis yog tus pioneer hauv kev yees duab xim, tab sis nws tau tswj hwm kom raug cov txheej txheem yees duab tsim los ntawm Adolf Mite, txhim kho cov khoom kawg. Tus kws yees duab kws yees duab ua npau suav ntawm tsim cov ntawv keeb kwm kev yees duab Lavxias. Xyoo 1909, Prokudin-Gorsky, ntawm kev sib tham nrog Emperor Nicholas II nws tus kheej, tau txais kev txhawb nqa tag nrho ntawm thawj tus txiv neej hauv tebchaws Russia, tom qab ntawd nws tau mus ncig ib ncig ntawm cov xeev tsis muaj tebchaws.

Txog kev yees duab cov khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tus kws yees duab tau txais los ntawm lub xeev txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau, lub nkoj tsav, lub nkoj loj thiab lub tsheb Ford tshwj xeeb uas tau nruab rau lub hom phiaj no. Lwm yam nuj nqis cuam tshuam los ntawm tus kws yees duab. Ntawm cov duab ntawm Prokudin-Gorsky muaj xim ua haujlwm nrog Leo Tolstoy thiab Fyodor Chaliapin. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau lees paub, nws kuj tau yees duab tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, tab sis cov kws sau keeb kwm tsis tau ntsib cov duab zoo li no ntawm nws kev sau ntawv. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm Kev Hloov Kho Lub Kaum Hli, tus kws yees duab uas tau paub dhau los Prokudin-Gorsky tau mus nyob hauv Fabkis, thiab Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress tau yuav cov khoom sau los ntawm nws cov duab muaj txiaj ntsig yav dhau los los ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg.

Thawj tus kws yees duab poj niam Lavxias

Montenegrin keeb kwm Elena Morozovskaya (Ameslikas Knyazhevich) tswj ua haujlwm raws li ob tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus pab khw. Tus poj niam pib nws txoj haujlwm ua kws yees duab raws li kev nyiam ua haujlwm. Tom qab ua tiav chav kawm yees duab xyoo 1892 ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci thiab Txuj Ci ntawm St. Petersburg, nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv Paris. Rov qab los tsev, nws qhib nws tus kheej chav yees duab ntawm lub peev Nevsky Prospect. Morozovskaya yog ib tus neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob, nws yog tus tswv cuab ntawm Ladies 'Duab Duab Lub Vev Xaib ntawm Cov Poj Niam Lavxias Kev Sib Koom Siab Sib Koom Siab.

Kev hloov pauv hauv cov voj voog muaj tswv yim, nws niaj zaus thaij duab ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam. Qhov tseeb, nws yog lub tsev hais plaub "secular chronicler", yog tus sau ntawm cov duab los ntawm cov khaub ncaws hnav nto moo nyob rau xyoo 1903 hauv Lub Caij Ntuj Sov thiab feem ntau ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yam thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th. Nws tau zoo tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab ntawm cov menyuam.