USSR: dab tsi neeg Soviet tau txaus siab rau thiab yam lawv tsis tau hais txog

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, 1922, ntawm Thawj Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Soviets, lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tau kos npe rau Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo ntawm kev tsim ntawm USSR. Thaum pib, tsuas yog 4 lub koomhaum koomhaum koomhaum yog ib feem ntawm USSR: RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, thiab thaum lub sijhawm tawg ntawm Union xyoo 1991 muaj 15 lub koomhaum koomhaum koomhaum. Kuv yuav tsum tau them, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub qhov tseeb tias lub sijhawm ntawm USSR yog lub sijhawm hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb hauv txhua qhov haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws. Niaj hnub no, hais txog kev ua tiav ntawm lub tebchaws zoo thiab txog qhov nws cov pej xeem nyiam tsis tham txog.

Xyoo 1920 - 1930s: kev siv hluav taws xob thoob plaws lub tebchaws thiab cov phiaj xwm tsim kho zoo

Qhov ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm thaj av ntawm Soviets xyoo 1920 yog kev siv hluav taws xob hauv lub tebchaws, kev tawm tsam kev tsis muaj tsev nyob thiab tshem tawm kev tsis paub ntawv. Rau txhua tus pej xeem Soviet, kev kho mob thiab kev kawm tau dhau los ua dawb. Ib lub chaw zov menyuam yaus noj qab haus huv "Artek" tau qhib hauv Crimea.

Xyoo 1930 tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm raws li lub sijhawm tsim kho cov phiaj xwm zoo: Dej Hiav Txwv Dawb-Baltic Canal tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm teev tseg, thiab chav nyob ntawm DneproGES tau ua haujlwm. Lub tebchaws tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam. Kev txhim kho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev cuam tshuam txog kev ua liaj ua teb - kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv nag, kev siv tshuab, tshuaj lom neeg thiab nce qoob loo - tau txais dav. Ib txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb pib tsim - nuclear physics.

Nws yog nyob rau xyoo no uas thawj cov yeeb yaj kiab Soviet "Battleship Potemkin" los ntawm Sergei Eisenstein, "Circus" thiab "Guysful Guys" los ntawm Grigory Alexandrov raug tua, Sholokhov sau nws phau ntawv tshiab "Quiet Don", uas tom qab ntawd nws tau txais khoom plig Nobel Cov ntawv nyeem.

1920s - 1930s: lub sijhawm raug kev tsim txom

Lub Bolsheviks pib kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tawm tsam nom tswv tam sim tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam. Tab sis lawv txuas ntxiv hauv 30s. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev tawm tsam "kev ua phem", kev ua phem, kev ua phem txhaum cai nom tswv, feem ntau tau raug dag, thiab kev tawm tsam kulaks tau nthuav dav. Nyob rau lub sijhawm txij Lub Yim Hli 1937 txog Kaum Ib Hlis 1938 ib leeg, 390 txhiab tus neeg raug tua thiab 380 txhiab tus raug xa mus rau GULAGs. Lub sijhawm no tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm raws li lub sijhawm muaj kev nruj rau cov haiv neeg tsawg, tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg German, Latvians, Tug, Romanians thiab Bulgarians.

Qhov tseeb nthuav

Lub cim ntawm kev zoo siab thaum yau hauv USSR yog tus ntxhais ntxhi hauv txhais tes ntawm Yauxej Stalin. Nov yog 6-xyoo-laus Gela Markizova, uas tuaj rau Kremlin nrog nws txiv, yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg sawv cev los ntawm Buryat-Mongolia.

Muaj tseeb, tom qab ntawd tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem xav tias hauv ib xyoos tus ntxhais yuav tsum hloov nws lub xeem, thiab kev tshaj tawm yuav muab nws lub ntsej muag rau lub tebchaws uas muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws pioneer Mamlakat Nahangova. Thiab tag nrho vim tias Geli txiv tau raug hu ua neeg soj xyuas neeg Nyij Pooj txawj ntse thiab raug tua, thiab nws ib txwm dhau los ua ntxhais ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntawm tib neeg.

Xyoo 1940s - 1950s: kev kov yeej kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev sib cav ntawm tus kheej kev coj noj coj ua

Xyoo 1940 tau cim los ntawm kev ua tsov rog txaus ntshai, yeej dhau fascism thiab pib tsim lub tebchaws. Lub sijhawm no, kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Stalinist Empire style tau tsim nyob hauv Moscow: ib lub tsev siab dua nyob hauv ntau lub nroog hauv nroog, hu ua "7 viv ncaus" thiab cov chaw nres tsheb tshiab hauv nroog. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas "tsov rog txias" thiab kev sib tw caj npab ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab USSR tau pib. Qhov no tau hais kom tsim cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet cov cuab yeej siv tub rog.

Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 8, 1950, USSR tau tshaj tawm tias muaj lub foob pob tawg, ua rau Asmeskas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ntiaj teb cov riam phom puas tsuaj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1953, USSR kuj tau tshaj tawm txog qhov kev sim ua tiav ntawm cov foob pob hydrogen. Nyob rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1954 txog 1960, thaj av nkauj xwb ntawm Kazakhstan, Urals, thaj tsam Volga, Siberia thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob tau tsim. Xyoo 1957 lub foob pob hluav taws xob tawg tawg "Lenin" tau pib. Nws yog lub sijhawm no, thawj zaug txij li xyoo 1908, cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet tau txais ntau yam khoom plig Nobel.

Xyoo 1956, Nikita Khrushchev tau hais lus ntawm XX Congress ntawm CPSU nrog daim ntawv tshaj tawm "Ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig", uas nws tau hais txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus kheej lig "txiv ntawm haiv neeg." Xyoo 1961, Stalin lub cev raug coj tawm ntawm Mausoleum. Kev hloov pauv loj tau pib: Stalingrad dhau los ua Volgograd, lub peev ntawm Tajik SSR, Stalinabad, tau hloov npe ua Dushanbe. Monuments rau Stalin tau raug rhuav tshem txhua qhov chaw, thiab ntau qhov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab raug censored txhawm rau tshem tawm ntawm "cov duab tsis zoo".

Nyob rau xyoo no, lub yeeb koob ntawm Lavxias tus neeg dhia dhia thundered thoob plaws ntiaj chaw, thiab Bolshoi Theatre Ncig Saib tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua neej nyob.

Xyoo 1958 zaj yeeb yaj kiab "The Cranes Are Flying" los ntawm Mikhail Kalatozov tau txais Golden Palm ntawm Cannes Film Festival. Thiab nyob rau tib lub xyoo Nobel nqi zog rau Kev Sau Ntawv muab khoom plig rau Boris Pasternak rau qhov tshiab "Tus Kws Kho Mob Zhivago". Muaj tseeb, tus kws sau paj huam raug yuam kom tsis kam lees qhov khoom plig, thiab cov ntawv tshiab tsis tau luam tawm hauv USSR.

Xyoo 1950: Lub Sijhawm Ua Tsis Taus

Lawv tsis nyiam qhia rau pej xeem Soviet txog lawv qhov ua tsis tiav. Yog li rov qab rau xyoo 1957, ntev ua ntej Chernobyl kev sib tsoo, muaj kev puas tsuaj loj dua cuam tshuam nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm cov tshuaj nuclear. Qhov xwm txheej hauv Kyshtymsk tau tso 11 txhiab tus neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob, kwv yees li 270 txhiab tus tib neeg tau raug rau cov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam. Thawj thawj zaug, qhov xwm txheej tau hais tsuas yog xyoo 1960, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tau los paub tsuas yog thaum ntxov xyoo 2000s.

1960s - 1970s: Kev Ua Thawj Coj hauv Chaw thiab Hockey

Xyoo 1960 rau USSR tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv ntiaj teb kev siv thev naus laus zis, uas tau pib nrog kev ya mus rau qhov chaw ntawm thawj tus txiv neej - Yuri Gagarin. Txawm tias cov neeg thuam ntawm USSR tau hu qhov kev tshwm sim no "qhov ua tiav tiag tiag ntawm lub sijhawm Soviet."

Xyoo 1960 tseem yog lub xyoo uas neeg ntiaj teb paub txog kab lis kev cai ntawm lub tebchaws Soviets. Mikhail Sholokhov tau txais khoom plig Nobel hauv Kev Sau Ntawv. Violinist David Oistrakh tsis yog tsuas yog sau cov rooj sib tham thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tab sis tseem dhau los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm American Academy of Arts thiab Sciences hauv Boston, tus tswv cuab zoo ntawm National Academy of Sciences "Santa Cecilia" hauv Rome, tus tswv cuab sib raug zoo ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam hauv Berlin, Beethoven Society, Swedish Academy of Music hauv Stockholm, Tus Kws Kho Mob Muaj Peev Xwm ntawm Suab Nkauj ntawm University of Cambridge thiab tuav cov xaj ntawm ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Cov npe ntawm Irina Arkhipova, Elena Obraztsova, Galina Vishnevskaya, Maya Plisetskaya, Tamara Sinyavskaya, Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova thiab Mikhail Baryshnikov tau ua rau lub ntiaj teb ua yeeb yam theem. Andrei Tarkovsky zaj duab xis "Ivan's Childhood" ntawm Venice Film Festival tau txais "Golden Lion".

Nyob rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1970 txog 1973, lub ntiaj teb thawj qhov chaw tsaws ntawm Venus ntawm Soviet chaw nres tsheb Venera-7, Venera-8, Venera-9 thiab Venera-10 tshwm sim. Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb Komsomol kev tsim kho ntawm lub tebchaws pib - kev tsim kho ntawm Baikal -Amur Mainline (BAM). Xyoo 1970 kuj tau dhau los ua tus yeej ntawm Soviet hockey.

Xyoo 1977, txoj cai ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm USSR kom tau txais kev kawm dawb nyob rau txhua qib (los ntawm qib pib mus rau siab dua) tau teev tseg hauv Tshooj 45 ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj.

1960s - 1970s: kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev nyob qis qis

Ib tus neeg suav tias lub sijhawm Brezhnev yog "hnub nyoog kub", sau cia ntawm lub sijhawm no cov tsev tsim khoom, txheeb cais kev loj hlob, cov tsev tsim khoom, cov yeeb yaj kiab ci ntsa iab thiab lwm yam kev ua tau zoo tshaj. Cov neeg tsis lees paub ntawm "stagnation" hais txog lub xeev cov khoom lag luam poob qis, cov khoom tsis txaus, cov khoom lag luam tsis zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig ntawm kev ua lag luam.

Tshwj xeeb, hauv xyoo 1960, vim muaj dej, Dej Hiav Txwv Aral, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog lub pas dej loj thib plaub hauv ntiaj teb, tau pib qhuav. Los ntawm 1960 txog 2007, nws thaj tsam ntawm cov dej no tau txo los ntawm 68, 90 txhiab km. ua sq. mus txog 14, 1 txhiab km. ua sq.

1977 tau nco los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm USSR rau kev ua phem ntawm kev ua phem phem hauv Moscow. Muaj peb qhov kev tawg: hauv Moscow lub tsheb thauj neeg nruab nrab ntawm Izmailovskaya thiab Pervomayskaya chaw nres tsheb, hauv thaj chaw muag khoom ntawm lub khw muag khoom ntawm Bolshaya Lubyanka thiab ze lub khw muag khoom ntawm Nikolskaya. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, 7 tus neeg raug tua, 37 raug mob. Lub koom haum tseem ceeb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm kev tawm tsam yog Stepan Zatikyan, uas yog Armenian haiv neeg uas mob siab rau "rau txim rau cov neeg Lavxias rau kev tsim txom ntawm cov neeg Armenian." Lub txim tuag rau nws tau tawm tsam los ntawm Soviet cov neeg tawm tsam, tshwj xeeb yog AD Sakharov.

1980s - 1990s: pib qhov kawg ntawm lub tebchaws Soviets

Xyoo 1980 tau pib nrog Moscow Olympics. Xyoo 1981, zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Moscow Tsis Txhob Ntseeg Hauv Tears" los ntawm Vladimir Menshov tau txais Oscar. Nws tau paub tias tom qab Ronald Reagan, npaj rau kev sib tham nrog Mikhail Gorbachev, tau saib zaj yeeb yaj kiab no 8 zaug, sim "nkag siab txog tus ntsuj plig Lavxias tsis paub."

Thaum xyoo 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev nkag mus rau hauv chaw ua nom tswv. Tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev ywj pheej, perestroika thiab glasnost pib nce hauv lub tebchaws. Ob peb tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias lub tebchaws tau nkag mus rau homestretch ntawm nws lub neej. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, 1988, Soviet lub dav hlau ntawm Buran rov siv tau qhov chaw thauj khoom tau ua nws thawj zaug thiab tsuas yog ya dav hlau, tej zaum yuav xaus lub sijhawm ntawm Soviet ua tiav.