Kev ntseeg Vajtswv thiab khawv koob: Paub tsis meej Suzdal serpentine-amulet ntawm XII xyoo pua. Grand Duke Mstislav

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Kab lus los ntawm AV Ryndina "Suzdal Serpentine" tau mob siab rau qhov nthuav thiab nthuav qhov chaw uas tau nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb ntau. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus no tuaj yeem tsim raws li hauv qab no: 1) Suzdal coil tau tsim nyob rau thaum ntxov 20s ntawm XII caug xyoo. rau Grand Duke Mstislav raws li tus tswv qub Lavxias uas ua raws li Byzantine kev coj noj coj ua; 2) hais txog nws cov ntsiab lus kev xav, lub monument tau cuam tshuam nrog kev coj tsis ncaj ntawm Bogomils, uas yog, hauv nws thawj qhov chaw, nrog Manichaeism.

Hauv tsab xov xwm los ntawm MV Shchepkina uas tau tshwm sim tom qab A. V. Ryndina txoj haujlwm, lub monument ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb kuj tseem mob siab rau ntau nplooj ntawv. M. V. Schepkina ntseeg tias Suzdal serpentine tau koom nrog Ntxhais fuabtais Maria Ivanovna, tus poj niam ntawm Vladimir tus tub huabtais Vsevolod, thiab txiav txim siab nws ua los ntawm tus tswv qub Lavxias.

Tawm ntawm cov lus nug uas ntawm Lavxias tus thawj coj lossis ntxhais fuabtais serpentine tuaj yeem yog, peb xav tias nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas tus lej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tseem nyob sab nraud ntawm kev pom ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv thiab nyob ntawm qee qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog attribution ntawm no monument.

Xyoo 1926 AS Orlov tau hais qhia qhov ntawd.

Qhov kev sib cav tsuas yog muab los ntawm A. V. Ryndin pom zoo rau cov neeg Lavxias qub thaum ub los ntawm tus nab nab yog cov lus Lavxias, sau ua ke, hauv nws lub tswv yim, nrog cov duab.

Tib qho kev sib cav yog qhov txiav txim siab hauv qhov kev suav ntawm M. V. Shchepkina, txawm hais tias nws sau tseg tias cov ntawv sau ncig ntawm tus nab nab tsis sib thooj nrog cov duab. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv paub ntawm Byzantine serpentines ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm AS Orlov qhov kev xav.

Cov lus xaus cov lus xaus ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb txog amulets ntawm hom no, nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog pov thawj tias cov duab ntawm cov kauj, ntxiv rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis txaus ntseeg (cais cov duab thiab epithets), cuam tshuam nrog cov lus qhuab qhia zoo "Testamentum Solomonis" ("Phau Testament ntawm Solomon") thiab nrog cov lus thov tsis txaus ntseeg uas tau tshwm sim ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Lub taub hau puag ncig los ntawm cov nab yog, raws li lub tswv yim khawv koob nruab nrab, cov duab ntawm ntau lub npe dab, feem ntau hu ua Gilu, tab sis muaj txog kaum ob, thiab qee zaum ntau lub npe. Cov nab txav deb ntawm lub taub hau qhia txog ntau yam kev xav ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog. Xws li cov duab ntawm kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub txog lawv, thiab qhov no, nyeg, tiv thaiv tus neeg hnav los ntawm lawv.

Amulets ntawm "Chernigov grivna" hom (piv txwv li, nrog cov duab ntawm tus thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Michael thiab kaum ob lub taub hau nab lub zes) yuav tsum tau sau hnub tim 11-12. Lub cim cim ntawm Archangel Michael, cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv sau tsis txaus ntseeg hais lus nyiam hnub no.

Tig mus rau sab ntawm Suzdal serpentine, qhov uas muaj nab nab zes tau nthuav tawm, suav nrog rau tus nab uas nthuav tawm ntawm lub taub hau tso rau hauv nruab nrab, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog tias kev sib xyaw ntawm hom no, zoo li "nab zes" feem ntau nrog me me (tsis pub ntau tshaj yim) tus naj npawb ntawm cov taub hau, tsis paub txog ntawm ancient Lavxias serpentines, thaum lawv muaj ntau heev ntawm Byzantine serpentines. Ntawm qhov kawg, ob pawg ntawm monuments tau pom qhov sib txawv: serpentines "xya-hau" (1st pab pawg) thiab serpentines "kaum ob-hau" (pawg thib ob). Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm M. I. Sokolov, nws tuaj yeem taug qab tias cov nab nab, nyob ntawm qhov zoo li tus nab zoo li daim duab, cuam tshuam nrog sib txawv, ob qho tib si hauv cov ntsiab lus thiab hauv lub sijhawm faib loj tshaj, apocrypha. Yog li, "kaum ob lub taub hau" serpentines sib raug rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm ntau lub npe dab, uas tau muab rau hauv Byzantine medieval incantatory thov Vajtswv, uas tau nthuav dav los ntawm xyoo pua 12th. Hauv cov lus thov no, nws tau hais meej tias dab muaj kaum ob lub taub hau (npe) sib xws rau nws kaum ob lub siab xav, tias daim duab ntawm kaum ob lub npe no tau tiv thaiv los ntawm dab phem: οιχ οιχ, ου εκείνοι) (qhov twg muaj kaum ob ntawm kuv lub npe, Kuv yuav tsis nkag mus rau lub tsev ntawd thiab tus menyuam ntawm lub tsev no) 15 thiab έχοντα το φϋλακτήριον τούτο αποδιώκει μέ από τόν οΤκον οΤκον uas muaj qhov no.] Ntawm koj lub tsev ").

Cov nab nab nyob rau ntawm "xya-hau" serpentines tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog hauv kev ua khawv koob "Phau Testament ntawm Solomon". Hauv qhov apocrypha no, ib qho ntawm cov dab tshwm rau Xalaumoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xya tus poj niam ntsuj plig, sawv cev rau xya lub ntiaj teb thiab xya lub tswv yim nws tau qhia rau hauv tib neeg haiv neeg. Nws yog qhov xav paub kom pom qhov sib xws ntawm "nab lub zes" thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm dab tau muab hauv "Phau Vajlugkub". Raws li koj paub, ntawm serpentines, dab dab zoo li tus tsiaj tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub taub hau uas tsis muaj lub cev nyob hauv nruab nrab, los ntawm cov nab tawm mus. Hauv "Phau Vajlugkub" nws tau hais tias dab yog "tus ntsuj plig uas ua rau nws lub taub hau los ntawm txhua tus tswvcuab" (πνεΰμα γυναΐκοειδές τήν κορυφήν κορυφήν κατέχουσα από παντός μέλουις 18) 18, thiab lub cev yog, zoo li nws tau zais hauv qhov tsaus ntuj (άμτο

Cov lus txiav tawm los ntawm kev thov Vajtswv tsis txaus ntseeg thiab Phau Testamentum Solomonis tso cai rau peb tsim kom pom tias "xya -lub taub hau" serpentines - peb txaus siab rau hom kev ntseeg no - tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev thov Vajtswv tsis txaus ntseeg uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm "Testament", tab sis nrog the "Testament" nws tus kheej. Phau ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj no tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm Byzantine thaum ntxov (IV-VII ib puas xyoo), raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau tus amulets piav txog Solomon ntaus tus kab mob, thiab nrog cov ntawv sau tsis raug uas Solomon lub foob tau hais. Kuj tseem muaj pov thawj tias tsab ntawv no tau paub thaum lub sijhawm iconoclasm. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab nws tsis tau hais hauv cov peev txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo XI. Michael Psellus tau sau txog txoj haujlwm no ua ib phau ntawv apocryphal uas nws pom, uas yog, lub sijhawm ntawd, Phau Vajlugkub tau pom tseeb tias tsuas yog siv rau qee qhov kev ua yuam kev.

Xav txog txhua yam saum toj no, nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog XI xyoo pua. zoo li yog "ciam teb" nruab nrab ntawm ob pab pawg ntawm Byzantine serpentines. Lub sijhawm no, "kaum ob lub taub hau" coils tshwm, uas hloov pauv, tab sis tsis txhob tshem tawm tag nrho, coils ntawm thawj pab pawg.

Qhov tom kawg, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov yam ntxwv epigraphic ntawm cov ntawv sau rau lawv, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm (hauv cov xwm txheej thaum lawv tau tsim) thiab qee qhov cim cim ntawm cov duab ua ke nrog "nab lub zes", tuaj yeem sau hnub tim 10 txog 11 ib puas xyoo.

Yog li, feem ntau ntawm cov nab nab ntawm thawj pab pawg, cuam tshuam nrog "Testamentum Solomonis", hnub tim 10 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 11th, thiab cov nab ntawm cov pab pawg thib ob, cuam tshuam nrog kev thov Vajtswv tsis txaus ntseeg uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov apocrypha no, - txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th-12th. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias muaj cov neeg ua piv txwv ntawm I gr. (cov no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb, tus nab los ntawm Maestricht), hnub tim raws li cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. thiab yog li nce mus rau qhov kev coj ua qub.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, raws li tus qauv ntawm tus nab nab, Suzdal serpentine yog thawj pab pawg ntawm Byzantine amulets, tsis yog ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv. Qhov tsis muaj lwm yam khoom qub Lavxias qub zoo ib yam li Suzdal tau piav qhia, zoo li nws zoo li peb, los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Lavxias serpentines, kev tsim khoom uas tau pib txhim kho nyob rau xyoo pua 11th, muaj cov khoom qub nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hauv Byzantium raws li tus qauvCov no yog "kaum ob lub taub hau" sawv daws. Lawv, raws li qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws rau lawv lub sijhawm ("xya-lub taub hau" nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsis tau nthuav dav hauv Byzantium ntxiv lawm), tau raug coj tuaj rau Russia thiab yog tus qauv rau cov nab nab hauv zos. Yog li, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv ntawm "nab zes", Suzdal serpentine yog ib txwm Byzantine amulet, ua nyob rau hauv qhov qub ib txwm rau nws lub sijhawm.

Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg "Xya Tus Hluas ntawm Efexaus", nthuav tawm rau lwm sab ntawm Suzdal amulet, tau pom, txawm hais tias tsis ntau, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv ancient Russia thiab Byzantine monuments. Txij li thaum nyob hauv Byzantine amulets uas tau nqis los rau peb, qhov sib xyaw no tau cim ob zaug, tsis suav nrog Suzdal serpentine, muaj qhov laj thawj ntseeg tias nws tsis tshua muaj tsawg. Raws li rau cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj ntawm ob daim duab: "nab lub zes" thiab "cov hluas tsaug zog", lawv muaj kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm Byzantine serpentines. Ntawm rau rau tam sim no paub jasper serpentines, qhov sib piv ze tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev hloov pauv tus nab nab duab yog Byzantine serpentine, yos los ntawm tiam 10-11. thiab khaws cia hauv nroog tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Przemysl. Sib piv cov amulet no nrog Suzdal serpentine, peb pom qhov sib kis zoo tib yam ntawm cov plaub hau thiab ntsej muag ntawm "jellyfish", tib yam kev txiav lub cev ntawm cov nab nrog oblique strokes thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev xa cov nab taub hau, thaum ob qho tib si kab sib tshuam nrog oblique ib, tom ntej uas muaj lub ntsiab lus convex lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub qhov muag. Mastricht serpentine, zoo ib yam li Suzdal kauj nyob rau hauv cov duab (puag ncig) thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov duab (kos hauv qhov tob), feem ntau yog ntau qhov kev xav thiab txheej thaum ub.

Yog li, cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj ntawm Suzdal amulet ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais tawm ntawm nws keeb kwm Byzantine. Kev sib piv nrog Byzantine jasper serpentines, feem ntau nrog amulets los ntawm Przemysl, Mastricht thiab, txiav txim los ntawm cov lus piav qhia muab los ntawm V.

Hnub yuav zoo tshaj plaws rau nws qhov kev ua tiav yog qhov kawg ntawm 11th, tej zaum yog pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov xwm txheej tau sau tseg hauv ib lub sijhawm los ntawm A. S. Orlov: cov neeg ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub Lavxias thaum ub tsis tau paub txog kev kos duab ntawm jasper. Txog tam sim no, peb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav rov hais tawm cov lus ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no. Yog tias cov neeg txawj ntse Lavxias thaum ub paub yuav ua li cas ua cov steatite, tom qab ntawv qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb, raws li A. V. Ryndina ntseeg, tias lawv paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua tau cov pob zeb nyuaj li jasper. Ib yam li ntawd, muaj cov kws ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm ua tiav, thiab txawm tias muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo, limestone, uas tau siv los kho lub qhov rooj thiab phab ntsa ntawm pawg ntseeg, tsis tuaj yeem qhia, raws li M. V. Shchepkina, qhov tseem ceeb tsis muaj nyob ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub uas txiav los ntawm jasper.

Qhov kev piav qhia yooj yim tshaj plaws rau "kev tsis sib haum" ntawm Byzantine cov duab thiab cov ntawv sau hauv Lavxias hauv cov phiaj xwm thiab cov qauv yuav yog kev lees paub ntawm lub monument hauv nqe lus nug raws li tau ua hauv Byzantium ntawm Lavxias kev txiav txim. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob hauv tsab xov xwm los ntawm A. V. Ryndina thiab ua pov thawj tias cov kauj yog ntawm tsev neeg ntawm Grand Duke Mstislav, lees paub qhov kev xav no. Mstislav txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Byzantium, ob qho kev nom tswv thiab tsev neeg, muaj zog txaus; dhau los ua Grand Duke, Mstislav tau ua raws txoj cai pro-Greek. Serpentine ua los ntawm cov lus txib tseem ceeb tuaj yeem coj tuaj rau Russia, qhov uas nws tau txais cov ntawv sau. Yog tias peb xav txog tias qhov pib ntawm cov ntawv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov lus sau ntawm tus nab nab cuam tshuam txog kev sib yuav ntawm tus ntxhais ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mstislav thiab tus tub huabtais los ntawm Lub Tsev Komnenos, tom qab ntawd, ib txwm muaj, qhov kev xav tshwm sim seb qhov xwm txheej no puas yog tsis yog qhov laj thawj rau kev muab khoom plig tsim nyog rau tus nkauj nyab niam txiv, tshwj xeeb yog khoom plig uas tuaj yeem, raws li cov tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nws niam mob?

Los ntawm txoj kev, cov ntawv sau ntawm cov duab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog tom kawg. Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov ntawv sau tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hnab ntim thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov hluas, pom tseeb ua ntej hauv cov ntawv sau thiab tsis tsim rau lawv daim ntawv thov tom ntej. Raws li rau cov ntawv sau puag ncig, tsab xov xwm los ntawm M. V. Schepkina ntseeg tau tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov duab. Yog li, cov ntawv sau hauv Lavxias ntawm Suzdal coil tuaj yeem tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los ua pov thawj ntawm nws keeb kwm hauv zos.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau hais txog tias cov ntawv sau puag ncig ntawm cov amulet tau tsom iav, lawv nyob tsis yog los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, tab sis los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, uas, ua ke nrog cov duab kos rau ntawm ob sab nkhaus ntawm qhov khoom, qhia tias peb muaj lub foob nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm peb, thiab lub foob rau tawm hauv kev xav ntawm kev ntxhib los mos (piv txwv li siv quav ciab).

Yuav ua li cas lub monument tshwj xeeb hauv cov lus nug tau siv tseem yog qhov tsis meej. Nws tsuas yog xav paub kom nkag siab tias tus nab los ntawm Mestricht, uas tseem muaj cov duab kos, tab sis sau ncaj qha, yog kev coj ua, raws li kev coj noj coj ua rov qab rau lub sijhawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, kom raug hu ua "foob ntawm St. Ua haujlwm ".

Kev xa mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm AV Ryndina kab lus ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov duab ntawm Suzdal kauj nrog cov tswv yim ntawm Bogomils (Manichees), nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias kev xaiv cov peev txheej lees paub txoj haujlwm no tsis yog, thiab kev txhais lus ntawm txhua daim ntawv cited yog deb ntawm indisputable. Yog li, A. V. Ryndina hais tawm ib qho kev hais tawm los ntawm Manichean kev koom tes tiv thaiv tus mob ua npaws, uas muaj kev thov rov hais dua rau Michael, Raphael thiab Gabriel. Los ntawm qee qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev sib koom tes mis thiab sau rau ntawm cov nab, nws kos qhov xaus txog kev xav sib txuas ntawm cov duab ntawm lawv nrog cov tswv yim ntawm Manichaeans. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li tus lej tsis txaus ntseeg tshwm rau thawj zaug tsis yog ntawm Manichaeans, tab sis ntawm Gnostics. Gnostic amulets uas nws tau lees paub hnub tim 3 xyoo pua BC. Cov ntawv sau los ntawm A. V. Ryndina hais txog lub xyoo pua 6. Kev qiv ntawm Manichaeans - ob qho kev xav thiab kev coj ua raws cai - los ntawm kev ntseeg sib txawv yog paub zoo. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, peb tsuas yog qiv nyiaj, ua cov khawv koob, tau txais los ntawm Gnostics, thiab tom qab ntawd - hauv Gnostic -Christian sects, tom qab ntawd pib txiav txim siab hauv Manichaeans.

Kev faib dav ntawm Bogomils ntawm "phau ntawv cuav" yog, raws li A. V. Ryndina, "thaj chaw yug tsiaj" rau txhua yam ntawm cov dab neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, teev cov phau ntawv tsis pub leej twg paub ntawm Bogomils, xws li Phau Ntawv ntawm St. piav qhia cov duab tshwj xeeb. Cov no yog cov apocryphas muaj npe saum toj no ("Phau Testament ntawm Xalaumoo" thiab cov lus thov tsis txaus ntseeg sau nyob rau hauv tsab ntawm Safa) - piv txwv piv txwv ntawm kev ua khawv koob nruab nrab, uas qhov seem ntawm Gnostic cov tswv yim, thiab kev paub tsis meej, thiab qee yam ntawm Christian dogma tau pom. Cov peev txheej no, ib txwm muaj nyob hauv txhua pawg ntawm Byzantine zej zog, tsis suav tias yog kev ntseeg.

Yog li, kev thov Vajtswv tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub voj voog Sisinian, uas ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov apocrypha, tau yuam kev vim yog pov thawj Yelemis thiab tsis yog Bogomil.

Cov amulets ntawm Manichaeans thiab Bogomils tsis tau mus txog rau peb, thiab yog li cov lus hais txog lawv kev sib txuas nrog Suzdal serpentine tuaj yeem tsuas yog ua kev xav xwb. Raws li rau qhov zoo sib xws nrog Gnostic-Christian amulets, lawv muaj ntau yam thiab tuaj yeem taug hauv qhov sib txawv. Lawv tau txuas nrog los ntawm kev taw qhia dav dav ntawm phylacteries, hom cim cim, thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg. Qhov tseeb, ob leeg ntawm lawv yuav tsum tiv thaiv Gilu los ntawm cov tsiaj dab, sawv cev rau Gnostic-Christian amulets hauv daim ntawv ntawm poj niam, los ntawm tus nab tawm, thiab ntawm serpentines-hauv daim ntawv ntawm zaj zoo li ntau lub npe dab. Ntawm ntau cov serpentines muaj cov ntawv sau tsis txaus ntseeg uas muaj qhov rov hais dua rau Sabaoth.

Ntawm Gnostic-Christian amulets, ob tus tib neeg cov lus ntawm qhov kev thov rov hais dua thiab pom tag nrho cov lus. Qee lub cim cim duab kuj zoo ib yam: Xalaumoo caij nees, ib tug tim tswv ntaus dab, thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntaub ntawv qhia pom keeb kwm ntawm coils los ntawm Gnostic-Christian phylacteria, tsis yog los ntawm qhov tsis muaj, tab sis tsuas yog xav tias yog amulets ntawm Manichees.

Yog li, muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ntseeg tias Suzdal coil tau tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. nyob rau hauv Byzantium los ntawm Lavxias xaj. Zoo li txhua yam Byzantine cov khoom siv ntawm nws lub hnub, nws tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ntseeg dab qhuas thoob plaws lub sijhawm ntawd, cuam tshuam nrog kev ua khawv koob, tab sis tsis tas yuav hais tawm tswv yim, lus qhuab qhia thiab apocrypha.

Pom zoo kom pom:

- Mysterious serpentine icons: Ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm serpentine ntawm cov qub Lavxias cov duab - Lavxias pendant cim ntawm 11th - 16th centuries. nrog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv-Lavxias cov cim-pendants ntawm XI-XVI ib-paus xyoo. nrog daim duab ntawm Khetos - Icons Icons -litics ntawm thaj chaw ntawm USSR thiab Russia - Cov txheej txheem Eglomise hauv Lavxias: Novgorod pectoral icons ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th nrog cov duab "hauv qab muaju" - Tsis tshua muaj pectoral crosses ntawm 15th - 16th centuries. nrog rau daim duab ntawm Yexus Khetos thiab xaiv cov neeg ntseeg - Lub caj dab zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm 15th - 16th caug xyoo nrog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, Yexus Khetos thiab xaiv cov neeg ntseeg - Qub Lavxias caj dab hla ntawm 11th -13th centuries