Txhua qhov cim Hiavtxwv Tuag Hiavtxwv Tuag hauv phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tau dhau los ua qhov cuav

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab zoo kawg li kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm pua pua xyoo dhau los yog tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg Dhau Hiav Txwv Tuag. Cov ntawv sau tsis txaus ntseeg qub no tau pom hauv qhov tsua ntawm Qumran, tsuas yog nees nkaum kilometers ntawm Yeluxalees hauv tebchaws Israel. Tus nqi thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg Yudais cov ntaub ntawv tsis tuaj yeem hais dhau. Tab sis dab tsi txog qhov tseeb tias cov kws tshaj lij tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais tias tag nrho Lub Hiav Txwv Tuag Kawg Khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, tsis suav nrog, yog qhov cuav?

Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov kab ntawv tsis muaj qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj li lawv cov ntsiab lus. Hauv qhov kawg ntawm plaub caug xyoo dhau los, Bedouin cov neeg yos hav zoov tau noj tshis hauv thaj chaw thiab ua yuam kev poob rau ntawm lub qhov tsua. Sab hauv lawv pom ob peb lub nkoj hauv av nrog cov ntawv sau, uas tau qhwv zoo hauv cov ntaub tuab. Hauv xyoo tom qab qhov kev tshawb pom no, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tshawb nrhiav Qumran qhov tsua thiab pom chav uas pom tau tias yog lub tsev qiv ntawv. Nyob rau tag nrho, kwv yees li yim puas phau ntawv tau pom. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov kws sau keeb kwm pom ntau lub qhov tsua twb tau plundered. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsis muaj nuj nqis tau muag rau cov neeg sau khoom ntiag tug.

Feem ntau, pom cov ntawv sau muaj feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv parchment, ntau papyrus thiab ib daim ntawv tooj liab. Lawv tau sau ua cov pa roj carbon hauv Hebrew. Ntau phau ntawv sau ua lus Greek thiab Aramaic. Txij li thaum pom ntawm Qumran cov ntawv, lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tso tseg. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv cov ntsiab lus nthuav tawm tsis yog tsuas yog keeb kwm tsis paub txog ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv thaum ntxov, tab sis kuj tseem qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua phau ntawv hauv phau npaiv npaum.

Qee cov ntawv sau tau sau thaum lub sijhawm Yexus Khetos lub neej. Muaj tseeb, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov ntawv tshawb pom muaj cov neeg hais ncaj qha rau Khetos thiab nws cov thwj tim. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov ntawv rub tawm pom tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv loj. Tej zaum cov ntawv no yuav pom nyob rau ib hnub, lossis tej zaum lawv yuav ploj mus ib txhis - tsis muaj ib tus kws sau keeb kwm paub tseeb.

Txog tam sim no, txhua tus paub Qumran cov ntawv nqes tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg: biblical thiab non-biblical. Yav dhau los muaj cov ntawv luam yuav luag txhua phau ntawv ntawm Phau Qub thiab piav qhia rau lawv. Tsis yog-biblical yog piav qhia ntawm cov qauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Txog rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntawv Yudais qub tshaj plaws yog Nash papyrus. Nws tau pom nyob hauv Egypt, nws cov ntawv muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm kaum lo lus txib, thiab muaj ntau dua peb txhiab xyoo.

Tom qab kev sib tham ntev, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab hu tus sau phau ntawv Qumran Scrolls ib pawg ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Tuag. Nov yog pab pawg neeg Yudais uas yog cov sawv cev ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, hu ua Essenes. Cov Essenes, nrog rau cov Xadukais thiab cov Falixais, yog ib ntawm peb lub ntsiab ntawm cov neeg Yudais pawg ntseeg ntawm lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntawd. Lawv nyob hauv Judean Desert thiab coj kev ua neej nyob ascetic. Cov Essenes ntseeg tias Yeluxalees tau ua txhaum thiab ncaim ntawm Vajtswv, poob tag nrho nws txoj kev ntseeg.

Hauv ib lub qhov tsua ntawm Qumran, tej zaum, muaj tus kws sau ntawv chav. Muaj pom cov rooj zaum, cov ntxhuav nrog lub qhov taub, tab sis tsis yog ib qho scroll. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub tseeb tias cov ntawv sau no tau xub khaws cia rau ntawd lossis lawv tau xa mus rau ntawd, txuag lawv los ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum lawv nkag mus rau thaj av Dawb Huv. Txawm hais tias cov neeg nyob ntawd tuag los yog khiav tawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub ib yam.

Qhov kev paub tsis meej tshaj plaws yog nyob deb ntawm Copper Manuscript. Nws yog ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab cov ntawv nws muaj yog sau ua lus Hebrew. Cov duab, nws txawv heev ntawm qhov seem ntawm Dead Sea Scrolls. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab hnub uas nws tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm thawj ib puas xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau no tsis yog cov ntawv nyeem, tab sis cov khoom lag luam ntawm ntau lub kaum os hauv qab caches. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov chaw khaws khoom nyiam txhua tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov ntawv tau nkag thiab tus lej tseem tsis tau raug daws los ntawm leej twg. Tsis muaj cov caches piav qhia, qhov twg suav tsis txheeb cov khoom muaj nqis khaws cia, hauv daim ntawv kub, nyiaj, riam phom thiab lwm yam khoom cuav uas tsis muaj nuj nqis, tseem tsis tau pom dua.

Txhua qhov ntawv nqes mus rau tam sim no hauv Qumran qhov tsua tau paub. Tab sis kev txhais lus thiab tshaj tawm cov ntawv no yog txheej txheem ntev thiab siv zog heev. Qee cov ntawv sau feem ntau tsis kam nkag mus thiab qhov no ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem kawm lawv. Muaj kev tawm tswv yim ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tias txheej txheem no yog txhob txwm ua kom txwv thiab thaiv los ntawm Vatican. Txij li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ntseeg Vajtswv thaum ntxov tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub suab nrov thiab lub zog ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic.

Lub caij no, lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tau qhib hauv Washington xyoo 2017. Nws tus koom nrog koom nrog, Steve thiab Jackie Green, txiav txim siab tias lub tsev haujlwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev hauv kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo thiab nthuav tawm cov vaj lug kub. Tsev khaws puav pheej yog qhov tshiab heev thiab sib tham sib, txhua tus neeg nyiam nyob ntawm no. Coob leej neeg, tau paub txog keeb kwm ntawm phau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, Phau Vajlugkub, txiav txim siab pib nyeem nws. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tsis txhawb nqa ib qho kev ntseeg tshwj xeeb lossis kev coj noj coj ua. Peb tab tom tham txog qhov tseem ceeb - hais txog Vajtswv Txojlus.

Hmoov tsis zoo rau Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, tag nrho nws cov Hiav Txwv Tuag Tiag Tiag tau pom tias yog cuav. Kev kos duab thiab cov khoom qub qub tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tom qab tag nrho, cov ntawv sau ib leeg raug nqi lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntau lab daus las. Steve Green tau txais lawv hauv 2009. Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias cov ntawv cuav tsis tau tsim ua ntej xyoo 2002. Thawj thawj qhov no tau los paub hauv xyoo 2018. Tom qab ntawd, cov koom nrog tsim ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj tau txiav txim siab txheeb xyuas tag nrho lwm yam khoom cuav ntawm kev tso saib. Cov ntawv qub tau sau rau ntawm papyrus, thiab cov cuav yog ntawm cov tawv qub. Sij hawm dhau mus, papyrus dhau los ua neeg zoo li tawv nqaij. Tsuas yog tom qab siv ntau txoj hauv kev, xws li ntsuas lub tshuab hluav taws xob me me, tsom iav 3D thiab lwm yam thev naus laus zis, nws tau pom tseeb tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib nrog qhov cuav.

Xyoo 1950, tus muag khoom qub qub hu ua Kando pib yuav Tuag Hiavtxwv Tuag los ntawm Bedouins hauv zos thiab muag lawv rau cov neeg muaj nyiaj nplua nuj. Xya caum cov khoom lag luam tshiab tau tshwm sim ntawm kev ua lag luam tsis ntev los no, ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntawm cov neeg nyiam hauv phau ntawv teev ntuj relics. Cov ntawv nqes tau los ntawm Ntsuab yog rau ib pawg ntawm cov relics tau tsim nyob ze ze xyoo 2002.

Cov neeg dag dag tau txawj heev uas lawv txawm rov tsim dua cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb uas siv los ntawm cov neeg qub. Lawv npog cov ntawv nrog lawv. Nws kuj tseem nrog cov cuav. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm nrhiav cov neeg sau nrog cov kev paub tob thiab kev txawj ntse los tsim qhov cuav ntawm qib siab ntawd.

Lub sijhawm no, feem ntau ntawm qhov tseeb Tuag Hiavtxwv Tuag tau khaws cia hauv Yeluxalees. Cov kws sau keeb kwm nco txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev muag phau ntawv sau phau Vajlugkub ntawm kev ua lag luam dub. Nws yog qhov txaus siab heev rau tsev cia puav pheej thiab cov neeg sau khoom ib yam nkaus. Lawv npaj them nyiaj ib yam kom tau txais cov khoom cuav.

Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau lees paub: feem ntau ntawm Qumran cov ntawv sau tseem tsis tau pom. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov tseem tsis tau tshawb pom Qumran qhov tsua, faus rau hauv cov xuab zeb, qhov seem ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv uas tsis muaj nuj nqis no nyob ntsiag to thiab txo hwj chim tos lawv lub sijhawm. Shadwell qhov kev dag ntxias, lossis ob tus neeg pluag, cov tub sab uas tsis paub ntawv tau dag dag London cov thawj coj.