Hnub nyoog "kub" hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb li cas, lossis dab tsi tau rov tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

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Renaissance (Renaissance) - lub sijhawm uas hloov nruab nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab ua ntej Lub Sijhawm Tshiab. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev dhia nrawm hauv kev txhim kho ntawm txhua qhov ntawm lub neej kev sib raug zoo (los ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau kos duab), lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas yog tib neeg, kev xav txog kev xav thiab kev ntseeg ntuj. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Renaissance tau qhia rau tib neeg thiab nws lub meej mom. Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Renaissance thiab cov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm Renaissance cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm thiab muab lub hauv paus rau kev kos duab niaj hnub no li cas?

Periodicals

Lub sijhawm Renaissance pib hauv lub xyoo pua 14th thiab xaus rau xyoo 17th. Lub Renaissance tau pab txhawb rau kev rov tshawb pom cov ntsiab lus qub, kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab. Ib tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg xav zoo tshaj plaws, cov kws sau ntawv, cov kws tshaj lij, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws ua yeeb yam hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg tau qhia lawv cov txuj ci hauv lub sijhawm no. Yog li, Renaissance tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog txuas qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab kev vam meej niaj hnub no. Cov theem ntawm Renaissance: 1. Proto -Renaissance (2nd ib nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua - XIV xyoo pua) 2. Early Renaissance (thaum ntxov 15th - lig 15th centuries) 3. High Renaissance (lig 15th - thawj 20 xyoo ntawm xyoo pua 16th) 4. Lig Renaissance (nruab nrab -16 - 1590s)

Vim li cas Ltalis?

Cov kws sau keeb kwm pom zoo tias Renaissance tau pib hauv tebchaws Ltalis (ntau qhov kev xav tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los piav qhia vim li cas lub sijhawm no pib hauv tebchaws Ltalis). Kev nplua nuj ntawm Ltalis tau nce ntau hauv XIV-XVI ib puas xyoo. Txoj haujlwm thaj chaw zoo, nkag mus rau hiav txwv, tus kheej chaw nres nkoj, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam ruaj khov, nrog rau lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv sab nraud, kev txhim kho kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo nrog Europe, Asia, Sab Hnub Tuaj - txhua qhov no tau tsim cov av zoo rau kev vam meej thiab pib ntawm Renaissance hauv Ltalis. Cov xwm txheej zoo coj mus rau qhib cov tsev kawm ntawv kos duab hauv zej zog, txhawm rau txhim kho cov txuj ci hauv ntau yam haujlwm ntawm kab lis kev cai, txuj ci, ntaub ntawv, kev xav, thiab lwm yam Ntxiv rau, nyob rau nruab nrab Hnub Nyoog Kawg, Ltalis suav nrog hauv nroog-xeev uas muaj qee yam kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej. Nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev kawm tau zoo nyob sab nrauv txoj cai nruj. Lwm qhov laj thawj rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txhim kho hauv tebchaws Ltalis yog "kev tuag dub" (lossis kab mob plague), uas ua rau muaj neeg tuag coob nyob hauv lub tebchaws no. Qhov kev muaj tiag hnyav tau yuam cov kws tshawb fawb kom txav deb ntawm kev xav nruab nrab nruab nrab txog lub neej tom qab thiab sab ntsuj plig thiab xav ntau ntxiv txog lawv lub neej tiag tiag hauv ntiaj teb.

Kev txav mus rau lwm lub nroog hauv nroog Italian xws li Venice, Milan, Bologna thiab Rome. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, cov tswv yim ntawm Renaissance tau kis los ntawm Ltalis mus rau Fab Kis, thiab tom qab ntawd thoob plaws Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Qaum Teb Europe. Lub Renaissance raws li ib lub sijhawm keeb kwm tau xaus nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Rome xyoo 1527. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg thiab tib neeg kev coj noj coj ua coj mus rau Mannerism hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Renaissance yog tib neeg

Humanism muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb. - Ua ntej, nws lees txais tus txiv neej raws li kev kawm hauv tag nrho ntawm nws qhov kev ua tiav thiab tshwm sim. - Qhov thib ob, nws hais txog kev sib koom ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm kev xav thiab kev ntseeg - cov lus qhuab qhia hu ua syncretism. Qhov thib peb, tib neeg txoj cai hais txog kev hwm tus neeg. - Thaum kawg, tib neeg txoj kev xav rov ua rau tib neeg lub siab ploj thiab kev txawj ntse. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg yog los pab tib neeg kom tso lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev txwv lub siab los ntawm kev cai dab qhuas orthodoxy, txhawb kev tshawb nrhiav dawb, thiab txhawb kev ntseeg siab hauv kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tib neeg kev xav thiab kev muaj tswv yim. Cov neeg pioneer ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev xav tib neeg thaum ntxov yog Francesco Petrarca thiab Giovanni Boccaccio, uas tau pab txhawb kev rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm kev coj noj coj ua Greek thiab Roman.

Kev koom tes rau Renaissance

Renaissance kos duab leaned ntawm kev muaj tiag, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv kev xav. Tus kws kos duab zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus tsim khoom Leonardo da Vinci piav qhia tib neeg lub cev thiab pab txhawb kev nkag siab ntawm tib neeg daim ntawv. Tus tsim ntawm Renaissance pleev xim yog Masaccio (1401-1428). Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw thiab qib siab ntawm naturalism hauv nws txoj haujlwm ua rau Masaccio yog tus lej tseem ceeb hauv kev pleev xim rau Renaissance. Sab qaum teb Renaissance tus tswv Jan van Eyck thiab Hugo van der Goes pib siv cov xim pleev xim thiab tseem tau nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm ntuj tsim. Renaissance style ntawm architecture rov ua qee yam ntawm Roman qub thiab Greek architecture. Cov ntaub ntawv Renaissance, zoo ib yam li cov ntawv sau nruab nrab, tsom mus rau tib neeg tus cwj pwm thiab yam ntxwv (raws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - tib neeg). Cov kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis kuj tau tshwm sim thaum lub Renaissance, suav nrog kev tsim lub tsom iav tsom iav, tsom iav, luam ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, rab phom, tus neeg tsav nkoj lub ntsej muag, ntawv, thiab saib. Cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag tshiab (nkauj laus ncas thiab harpsichord) tau pab txhawb rau kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Cov kws sau paj huam mob siab los tsim cov nkauj nrog rau kev xav tshwj xeeb. Lwm qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Renaissance suav nrog kev sawv ntawm Protestantism, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam peev lag luam, thiab kev tshawb pom lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab suav nrog Columbus.

Renaissance ntse heev

1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Tus kws kos duab Italis, kws kes duab vajtse, tus tsim khoom thiab "Renaissance man", tus sau cov duab "Mona Lisa" thiab "The Last Supper". 2. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536): Tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Holland uas tau piav qhia txog tib neeg kev txav chaw nyob rau sab Europe Europe. Tus neeg txhais lus ntawm Phau Tshiab ua lus Greek. 3. René Descartes (1596–1650): Fab Kis tus kws tshawb fawb thiab lej uas suav tias yog leej txiv ntawm kev xav niaj hnub no. Nws muaj npe nrov rau qhov aphorism: "Kuv xav, yog li kuv yog." 4. Galileo (1564-1642): Italian astronomer, tus kws kho lub cev thiab tus kws tshaj lij uas nws ua haujlwm ua ntej nrog tsom iav tsom iav tau pab nws piav qhia txog Jupiter lub hli thiab Saturn lub nplhaib. Raug tso rau hauv kev raug ntes rau nws qhov kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb heliocentric. 5. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): tus lej thiab lej astronomer, tau nce qib thawj qhov kev sib cav niaj hnub no rau lub tswv yim ntawm lub hnub ci heliocentric. 6. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Tus kws paub lus Askiv thiab tus sau Leviathan. 7. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400): Tus kws sau paj huam Askiv thiab tus sau phau ntawv The Canterbury Tales. 8. Giotto (1266-1337): Tus kws pleev xim Italis thiab tus kws kes duab vajtse uas nws piav qhia qhov tseeb ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav tau cuam tshuam ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam. Paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws cov frescoes hauv Scrovegni Chapel hauv Padua. 9. Dante (1265-1321): Tus kws sau paj huam Italis, kws sau paj huam, tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws xav txog nom tswv, tus sau The Divine Comedy. 10. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): Tus kws tshaj lij txuj ci Italian thiab tus kws tshawb fawb, nto moo rau nws tej hauj lwm "Sovereign" thiab "Discourses on the first decades of Titus Livy". 11. Titian (1488-1576): Tus kws kos duab Italian nto moo rau nws cov duab ntawm Pope Paul III thiab Charles I thiab nws tom qab kev ntseeg thiab cov dab neeg dab neeg (Venus thiab Adonis thiab Assumption ntawm Virgin Mary). William Tyndale (1494-1536): Tus neeg txhais lus Askiv phau Vajlugkub, tib neeg thiab kws tshawb fawb, tau raug hlawv ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg kom txhais phau Vajlugkub ua lus Askiv. 13. William Bird (1539 / 40–1623): Tus kws sau nkauj Askiv, nto moo rau kev txhim kho lus Askiv cov neeg vwm thiab kev ntseeg suab paj nruag. 14. John Milton (1608–1674): Tus kws sau paj huam Askiv thiab kws sau keeb kwm uas tau sau zaj dab neeg Paradise Lost. 15. William Shakespeare (1564-1616): Askiv tus "kws sau paj huam hauv tebchaws" thiab tus sau nkauj nto moo tshaj plaws txhua lub sijhawm, muaj npe nrov rau nws cov suab paj nruag thiab qhov xwm txheej Romeo thiab Juliet. 16. Donatello (1386-1466): Tus kws kos duab Italian nto moo rau nws cov duab puab muaj tiag (David, tau txais los ntawm Medici tsev neeg).17. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510): Tus kws kos duab Italian nto moo rau nws daim duab Yug ntawm Venus. 18. Raphael (1483-1520): Tus neeg pleev kob Italian, kawm nrog da Vinci thiab Michelangelo. Paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws cov duab ntawm Madonna thiab fresco "Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Athens".19. Michelangelo (1483-1520): Tus kws kos duab Italis, kws pleev xim duab thiab kws kes duab vajtse uas tsim David thiab Sistine Chapel hauv Rome.

Renaissance kos duab tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv peb nqe lus tseem ceeb:Ation Kev tsim cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov cai ntawm txoj kab kev pom, uas tau teeb tsa ib qho chaw; ⦁ Tsom ntsoov rau tus neeg (tus yam ntxwv, lub cev, kev xav); ⦁ Tsis kam lees ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj hauv qhov nyiam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.

Lub sijhawm Renaissance muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntev thiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev vam meej. Leaps hauv kev txhim kho hauv thaj chaw thiab kev tshawb fawb (Ptolemaic system ntawm astronomy) tso cai rau tib neeg nkag siab lub ntiaj teb thiab Lub Ntiaj Teb. Lub tshuab luam ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb uas tso cai rau cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los nthuav rau pej xeem thiab txhawb kev kawm. Renaissance kos duab tso lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev txhim kho kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no.