Yuav ua li cas cov plooj (porcelain) Suav "ntawm Medici tsev neeg tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov ua yuam kev

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Xyoo 1574, tsev neeg Medici tau sim tsim cov plooj (porcelain) Suav. Txawm hais tias qhov kev sim no tsis ua tiav, nws tau coj mus rau kev tsim ib qho ntawm cov tais diav uas tsis tshua muaj neeg tau tsim nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Suav porcelain tau ntev tau suav tias yog cov khoom muaj nqis. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, nws pib tshwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Europe raws li kev lag luam nthuav dav. Los ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th, Suav cov plooj (porcelain) hauv Suav teb muaj ntau nyob hauv cov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, Egypt thiab Spain. Cov neeg Portuguese tau pib ua kom zoo rau nws nyob rau xyoo pua 16th tom qab tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv Macau. Vim tias tus nqi ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) Suav, muaj lub siab xav rov ua nws. Thaum kawg, nyob rau peb lub hlis kawg ntawm xyoo pua 16th, Medici cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Florence tsim thawj European mos mos-muab cov plooj (porcelain), uas yog kev tsim dua tshiab ntawm tsev neeg Medici.

1. Keeb kwm thiab ntshuam Suav cov plooj (porcelain)

Cov plooj (porcelain) tau tsim nyob hauv Suav teb nyob ib puag ncig xyoo pua 7 thiab tau tsim nrog cov khoom xyaw tshwj xeeb thiab ntsuas, uas yog vim li cas tam sim no peb hu cov plooj (porcelain hard paste). Tus kws tshawb fawb Italian Marco Polo (1254-1324) tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog nqa cov plooj (porcelain) Suav mus rau Tebchaws Europe thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Rau cov neeg nyob sab Europe uas tsis muaj kev paub, cov plooj (porcelain) nyuaj yog qhov tsim kom zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj thiab ci ntsa iab, cov tais diav dawb huv (feem ntau hu ua kaus ntxhw dawb lossis mis nyuj dawb), du thiab tsis zoo, nyuaj rau kov, tab sis tawg. Qee leej ntseeg tias nws muaj lub zog muaj zog. Cov khoom lag luam txawv txawv no tau nyiam los ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab cov neeg muaj nyiaj nplua nuj.

Ming Dynasty (1365-1644) tsim cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov xim xiav thiab dawb uas paub hnub no rau cov neeg nyiam.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Suav cov plooj (porcelain) nyuaj yog kaolin thiab petunze (uas muab xim dawb huv), thiab cov khoom tau pleev xim rau hauv qab pob tshab ci nrog cobalt oxide, uas muab xim xiav xim tom qab tua ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1290 ° C. Los ntawm xyoo pua 16th, cov qauv ntawm Suav cov plooj (porcelain) nyuaj suav nrog ntau qhov xim uas siv cov xim sib ntxiv - xiav txhua qhov, ntxiv rau xim liab, daj thiab ntsuab. Cov duab kos duab piav qhia cov paj zoo nkauj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nthwv dej, paj paj, vines, reeds, hav txwv yeem txiv ntoo, ntoo, tsiaj, toj roob hauv pes thiab tsiaj dab neeg. Kev tsim qauv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Ming lub sijhawm yog cov qauv xiav thiab dawb uas yog suav suav ua haujlwm txij li xyoo pua 14th mus txog rau xyoo 1700s. Cov nkoj uas raug tsim nyob hauv Suav teb suav nrog cov vases, tais, lub thoob, khob, tais, thiab ntau yam khoom siv kos duab xws li cov tassels, cov pob zeb number case, cov thawv nrog hau, thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab.

Lub sijhawm no, Ltalis tab tom ntsib Renaissance. Kev pleev xim, duab puab thiab kos duab kos duab tau kov yeej los ntawm cov kws kos duab Italian. Cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Ltalis (thiab Europe) zoo siab tos txais Far East cov qauv tsim, uas tau nthuav tawm thoob plaws sab av loj rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Lawv tau tshoov siab los ntawm kev coj ua txuj ci sab hnub tuaj thiab ua haujlwm, tom kawg uas tuaj yeem pom hauv ntau daim duab ntawm Renaissance. Tom qab xyoo 1530, cov ntawv Suav tau pom ntau hauv majolica, Italian pewter glazed earthenware uas nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Ib qho ntxiv, ntau yam hauj lwm majolica tau raug dai kom zoo nkauj hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, qiv los ntawm Far Eastern kab lis kev cai, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm kev pom pom.

Lub siab xav rov tsim dua cov plooj (porcelain) Suav ua ntej Francesco de Medici. Hauv nws 1568 tsab ntawm Cov Ntawv Sau Txog Cov Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Plaws, Cov Duab puab thiab Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm, Giorgio Vasari tshaj tawm tias Bernardo Buontalenti (1531-1608) tau sim daws qhov zais ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) Suav, tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv lees paub nws qhov kev tshawb pom. Buontalenti, tus tsim qauv tsim khoom, kws kes duab vajtse, kws ua yeeb yam, kws ua tub rog thiab kws pleev xim, ua haujlwm rau tsev neeg Medici tag nrho nws lub neej. Tab sis yuav ua li cas nws cuam tshuam rau kev tsim Medici cov plooj (porcelain) tsis paub.

2. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Medici plooj (porcelain)

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 16th, tsev neeg Medici, cov neeg muaj txuj ci zoo thiab muaj npe nrov hauv Florence txij li xyoo 13th txog 17th, kev ua nom ua tswv, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam muaj pua pua ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) Suav. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav ua li cas Egyptian Sultan Mamluk nthuav qhia tsev neeg no nrog cov tsiaj txawv thiab ntau lub nkoj plooj (porcelain), uas tsis sib xws hauv 1487.

Duke Francesco Medici tau paub tias muaj kev txaus siab rau cov hlau nplaum thiab ntseeg tias twb tau sim ua cov plooj (porcelain) tau ntau xyoo ua ntej qhib nws cov chaw tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1574. Medici qhov kev txaus siab ua rau nws mob siab rau ntau teev los kawm hauv nws qhov chaw kuaj mob lossis chav studio, ntawm Palazzo Vecchio, qhov uas nws xav paub thiab sau cov khoom tau khaws cia, uas muab nws tus kheej rau kev xav thiab kawm cov tswv yim sib txawv.

Nrog cov peev txheej txaus los tsim Suav cov plooj (porcelain) nyuaj, Francesco nrhiav tau ob lub chaw tsim khoom lag luam hauv Florence xyoo 1574, ib qho hauv Boboli Gardens thiab lwm qhov hauv San Marco Casino. Kev lag luam cov plooj (porcelain) tsis yog kom tau txais txiaj ntsig - nws lub hom phiaj yog tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo suav suav kom khaws nws tus kheej sau thiab muab rau ib tus neeg uas nws tau kub hnyiab nrog kev khuv leej thiab kev hwm (muaj cov lus qhia uas Francesco muab rau Philip II, Tus kav nroog Spanish).

1575 daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm Venetian tus kws tshaj lij rau Florence, Andrea Gussoni, hais txog tias nws (Francesco) tau tsim txoj hauv kev ua cov plooj (porcelain) Suav tom qab kaum xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb (lees paub cov ntawv tshaj tawm tias Francesco tau tshawb fawb cov txheej txheem ua ntej qhib cov chaw tsim khoom).

Tab sis dab tsi Francesco thiab nws ntiav cov kws txawj txua khoom tau tsim tsis yog nyuaj cov plooj (porcelain) Suav, tab sis dab tsi yuav hu ua mos-muab cov plooj (porcelain). Cov tshuaj Medici porcelain tau sau tseg thiab nyeem: "av nplaum dawb los ntawm Vicenza, sib xyaw nrog cov xuab zeb dawb thiab av pob zeb siv lead ua (piv txwv 12: 3), tin thiab lead ua kua." Cov glaze siv muaj calcium phosphate, ua rau cov xim dawb tsis pom kev. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ci ntsa iab tau ua tiav hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm xiav (kom ua raws li cov neeg nyiam Asian cov duab xim zoo ib yam), tab sis kuj siv cov xim liab thiab daj daj. Cov plooj (porcelain) ntawm tsev neeg nto moo tau raug rho tawm haujlwm zoo ib yam li hauv Italis majolica. Tom qab ntawd qhov kub qis thib ob uas muaj cov hmoov lead tau thov.

Cov khoom lag luam tau qhia pom qhov kev sim uas lawv tau tsim. Cov khoom tuaj yeem yog xim daj, qee zaum dawb los yog grey, thiab zoo ib yam li cov khoom lag luam. Cov txiaj ntsig ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov xim pleev xim rau lub ntsej muag tseem muaj ntau yam los ntawm ci mus rau npub (xiav yog los ntawm ci cobalt mus rau grey). Cov duab ntawm cov khoom ua tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev lag luam ntawm lub sijhawm, nthuav tawm Suav, Ottoman thiab European saj, suav nrog cov phiab thiab lub raj mis, cov phaj, sab xis mus rau lub khob me tshaj plaws. Cov khoom pom me ntsis nkhaus duab thiab tau tuab dua li nyuaj Tuam Tshoj.

Txawm tias txiav txim siab qhov deb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Medici kev siv zog, yam uas cov chaw tsim khoom tau tsim tshwj xeeb. Medici mos muab tshuaj txhuam cov plooj (porcelain) yog ib yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thiab cuam tshuam txog kev muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo nkauj. Cov khoom lag luam tau dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv tshuab thiab tshuaj lom neeg, ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem muaj tswv ntawm Medici cov khoom xyaw thiab ntau yam kub.

Cov duab kos zoo nkauj pom ntawm cov khoom ntawm tsev neeg Medici yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov qauv. Thaum Suav cov xim xiav thiab dawb pom tau pom meej (ntau ceg, paj tawg paj, cov ntoo txiav ntoo pom pom ntau), cov khoom kuj tseem qhia lawv qhov kev txaus siab rau Turkish ceramics ntawm Iznik (kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tsoos Ottoman arabesque qauv nrog Suav cov ntsiab lus qhia kauv) cov ntawv me me, cov duab geometric, cov paj ntoo thiab paj paj, feem ntau yog cov xim xiav, tab sis tom qab suav nrog cov xim pastel ntxoov ntsuab thiab ntshav).

Qhov pom tau ib txwm muaj tshwm sim ntawm Renaissance kuj tseem pom, suav nrog cov khaub ncaws hnav ib txwm muaj, grotesques, sib tw nplooj ntoo, thiab ua paj ntaub zoo nkauj.

Feem ntau ntawm cov seem uas muaj sia nyob tau kos npe ntawm Medici tsev neeg - feem ntau piav qhia lub npe nto moo ntawm Santa Maria del Fiore, lub tsev teev ntuj Florentine, nrog tsab ntawv F hauv qab no (feem ntau yuav xa mus rau Florence lossis tsawg dua, Francesco). Qee qhov ntawm cov duab qhia txog rau (pob) ntawm Medici lub tsho tiv thaiv caj npab, lub npe pib ntawm lub npe thiab npe Francesco, lossis ob qho tib si. Cov cim no ua tim khawv rau qhov txaus siab Francesco yog ntawm Medici cov plooj (porcelain).

3. Kev tsim khoom poob qis

Francesco de Medici lub siab xav rov ua dua cov plooj (porcelain) Suav coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias nws tsim qee yam tshiab, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tsim tawm hauv Europe. Medici cov plooj (porcelain) nyiam cov neeg uas tau pom nws, thiab raws li kev tsim khoom ntawm tsev neeg, hauv nws cov ntsiab lus nws tau ua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, Medici cov chaw tsim khoom tsis ntev ntev los ntawm 1573 txog 1613. Nws paub tias kev tsim khoom poob qis tom qab Francesco tuag hauv 1587. Feem ntau, cov khoom tsim tawm tsis paub. Tom qab Francesco tuag, cov khoom lag luam ntawm nws cov lej sau txog peb puas thiab kaum daim ntawm tsev neeg cov plooj (porcelain), tsim hauv lawv tus kheej cov chaw tsim khoom, tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov uas tau tsim tawm.

Kev tshawb nrhiav cov mis ntawm Suav cov plooj (porcelain) Suav txuas ntxiv mus. Cov kua nplaum tau tsim tawm hauv Rouen, Fabkis xyoo 1673 thiab hauv tebchaws Askiv thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Cov plooj (porcelain) piv rau Suav cov ntawv tsis tau tsim kom txog rau xyoo 1709, thaum Johann Böttger ntawm Saxony nrhiav tau kaolin hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab tsim cov khoom zoo pob tshab pob zeb zoo nkauj.

Cov plooj (porcelain) tseem nyob hauv tsev neeg txog rau xyoo pua 18th, thaum kev muag khoom hauv Florence muag cov khoom sau tawm xyoo 1772. Niaj hnub no muaj txog rau caum daim ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) los ntawm tsev neeg no, thiab tag nrho tab sis kaum kaum ntawm lawv nyob hauv cov tsev khaws khoom khaws cia thoob ntiaj teb.

Txuas ntxiv lub ncauj lus, nyeem ntxiv txog dab tsi yog invented nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj, thiab dab tsi kev tsim tawm los ntawm yav dhau los nyob deb tseem muaj kev hwm siab los ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.