Hauv qab tus quab yuam ntawm kev saib xyuas: 10 tus kws sau ntawv uas nws phau ntawv raug txwv nyob hauv USSR

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Censorship muaj nyob thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, thiab cov phau ntawv, kev ua yeeb yam thiab ua yeeb yaj kiab feem ntau raug rau nws. Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, cov ntaub ntawv, zoo li ntau lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua, tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm tag nrho ntawm pawg thawj coj. Cov haujlwm uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev xav ntawm kev tshaj tawm raug txwv, thiab lawv tsuas tuaj yeem nyeem hauv samizdat lossis los ntawm kev luam tawm daim ntawv yuav nyob txawv teb chaws thiab nyiag coj mus rau Tebchaws ntawm Soviets.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Hauv tebchaws Soviet, yuav luag txhua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb sau los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tsis pom zoo raug txwv. Ntawm lawv yog nto moo "GULAG Archipelago", "New World", "Cancer Ward". Qhov kawg tau xa mus rau lub tsev luam ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog ob peb tshooj ntawm phau ntawv tshiab tau sau rau ntawd, tom qab ntawv tau xaj kom tshem tawm cov teeb thiab txwv tsis pub luam tawm. Novy Mir npaj tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm tib lub npe, tab sis, txawm hais tias tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, cov ntawv tshiab tsis tau tawm mus luam tawm.

Tab sis hauv Samizdat, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alexander Solzhenitsyn tau xav tau. Cov dab neeg me me thiab cov duab kos tau muab luam tawm qee zaum.

Michael Bulgakov

Thawj thawj zaug cov ntawv tshiab "Tus Xib Hwb thiab Margarita" tau luam tawm ib feem peb ntawm ib puas xyoo tom qab tus kws sau ntawv tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, censorship tsis yog vim li cas. Cov ntawv tshiab tsuas yog tsis paub. Bulgakov cov ntawv sau tau nyeem los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Abram Vulis, thiab tag nrho cov peev pib tham txog kev ua haujlwm. Thawj tsab ntawv ntawm kev ntseeg tshiab tau luam tawm hauv Moscow phau ntawv xov xwm thiab suav nrog cov kab lus tawg nyob rau hauv uas cov kab lus tsis yooj yim taug, vim tias qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov lus ntawm cov cim tau yooj yim txiav tawm. Tsuas yog xyoo 1973 yog cov ntawv tshiab luam tawm tas nrho.

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Boris Pasternak: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk

Cov ntawv tshiab, tsim los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau 10 xyoo, tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Ltalis, tom qab ntawv luam tawm hauv Holland hauv hom lus qub. Nws tau faib dawb rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws Soviet hauv Brussels thiab Vienna. Tsuas yog xyoo 1988 yog Tus Kws Kho Mob Zhivago luam tawm hauv Russia.

Txog thaum pib tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshiab hauv phau ntawv xov xwm "Novy Mir", nws cov ntawv samizdat tau dhau los ntawm txhais tes mus rau tes rau nyeem ib hmos, thiab los ntawm nqe lauj lossis los ntawm nkhaus cov ntawv coj los ntawm txawv teb chaws tau khaws cia hauv qhov ntsuas phoo thiab qhov tseem ceeb, lawv tau muab los nyeem nkaus xwb los ntawm cov neeg muaj kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws uas tsis tuaj yeem hais qhia rau tus tswv.

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Vladimir Nabokov: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk

Nws cov ntawv tshiab "Lolita" raug txwv tsis yog nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Soviets xwb. Ntau lub tebchaws tsis kam tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm ua phem thiab thuam, piav qhia qhov no los ntawm qhov tsis lees paub ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus txiv neej laus thiab tus ntxhais hluas. Thawj thawj zaug "Lolita" tau luam tawm xyoo 1955 los ntawm Parisian tshaj tawm tsev "Olympia Press", uas tshwj xeeb hauv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb uas xav tau ntawm cov kiv cua ntawm "txiv pos nphuab." Nyob rau sab hnub poob, qhov txwv tsis pub luam tawm tshiab sai sai, tab sis hauv Soviet Union nws tau tshaj tawm tsuas yog xyoo 1989. Tib lub sijhawm, niaj hnub no "Lolita" raug suav tias yog ib phau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, suav nrog cov npe ntawm cov dab neeg zoo tshaj hauv ntiaj teb.

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Evgeniya Ginzburg: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Cov ntawv tshiab "Txoj Kev Taug Kev" tau dhau los ua keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau txuas. Nws piav qhia txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim rau kev tsim txom Yevgenia Ginzburg, pib txij lub sijhawm raug kaw hauv Butyrka. Lawm, txoj haujlwm tau nkag mus nrog kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm tsoomfwv, uas rau txim rau tus poj niam mus rau lub neej nyob hauv nkuaj.

Nws nkag siab heev vim li cas phau ntawv tshiab raug txwv los ntawm kev tshaj tawm txog xyoo 1988. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm samizdat, Txoj Kev Ncaj Ncees tau nthuav tawm sai thiab tau nrov.

Ernest Hemingway

Cov kws sau ntawv txawv teb chaws kuj tau poob qis hauv kev txwv tsis pub ua censorship hauv xeev Soviet. Tshwj xeeb, phau ntawv tshiab Rau Leej Twg Tus Tswb Hu los ntawm Hemingway, tom qab tshaj tawm hauv Cov Ntawv Txawv Teb Chaws, tau pom zoo rau siv sab hauv. Thiab, txawm hais tias tsis muaj txoj cai txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm, tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tog neeg tseem ceeb suav nrog hauv cov npe tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem tau txais.

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Daniel Defoe

Raws li qhov xav tsis thoob li nws yuav zoo li, zoo li tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab "Robinson Crusoe" kuj tau txwv ib zaug hauv USSR. Ntau qhov tseeb, nws tau tshaj tawm, tab sis hauv kev txhais lus xoob heev. Kev tawm tsam Zlata Lilina tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hauv qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tebchaws txoj kev xav. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau muab rau tus phab ej thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm tau ploj tag. Nov yog cov lus cog tseg thiab sau ua ke ntawm "Robinson Crusoe" thiab nyeem hauv Soviet Union.

H. G. Wells

Tus sau tau sau nws phau ntawv tshiab Russia hauv Tsaus Ntuj tom qab mus ntsib Russia thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Thiab lub tebchaws tau ua qhov tsis zoo rau nws, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab kev puas tsuaj uas kav lub sijhawm ntawd. Txawm tias cov rooj sib tham nrog lub tswv yim txhawb nqa Vladimir Lenin tsis ua rau tus kws sau ntawv xav tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim rau keeb kwm.

Xyoo 1922, phau ntawv no tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv Soviet Union hauv Kharkov thiab tau ua ntej los ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntev los ntawm Moisey Efimovich Ravich-Cherkassky, uas piav qhia qhov tsis raug ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm lus Askiv tshaj tawm. Lub sijhawm tom ntej hauv USSR phau ntawv tau luam tawm tsuas yog xyoo 1958, lub sijhawm no tau hais los ntawm Gleb Krzhizhanovsky.

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George Orwell

Tom qab "Tsiaj Ua Liaj Ua Teb", uas tsoomfwv ntawm Soviet Union pom qhov tsis lees paub thiab tsim teeb meem kev sib piv ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm proletariat nrog tsiaj, tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm Orwell poob rau hauv kev txwv. Cov haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv no tau pib tshaj tawm hauv lub tebchaws tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm post-perestroika.

Mikhail Zoshchenko: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Hauv zaj dab neeg "Ua ntej Sunrise", cov ntaub ntawv uas Mikhail Zoshchenko tau sau ntau xyoo, cov thawj coj ntawm lub chaw tshaj tawm tau pom kev ua phem rau nom tswv thiab tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Tom qab tshaj tawm thawj tshooj nyob hauv phau ntawv xov xwm Lub Kaum Hli xyoo 1943, tau xaj kom txwv tsis pub zaj dab neeg. Tsuas yog 44 xyoos tom qab, txoj haujlwm yuav raug tshaj tawm hauv USSR, hauv Asmeskas nws tau luam tawm xyoo 1973.

Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, yuav luag txhua qhov kev coj noj coj ua raug txwv. Sculptural compositions nyob rau hauv Moscow yog tsis muaj exception. Txawm tias cov keeb kwm nto moo tshaj plaws tsis meej pem nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog lawv cov tsos. Cov neeg kos duab raug yuam kom rov tsim dua lawv raws li lub tswv yim ntawm cov thawj coj hais txog Soviet kev muaj tiag. Kuj ceeb tias, ib qho ntawm cov cim ntawm Moscow tau dhau los ua kev hloov pauv nyob rau xyoo pua 21st.