Lub neej ntawm Anna Akhmatova hauv 7 duab ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

"Muaj zog tshaj hauv ntiaj teb, Beam ntawm lub qhov muag ntsiag to" - cov lus zoo nkauj no yog tus cwj mem ntawm Anna Akhmatova, tus kws sau paj huam nto moo, uas cov kws ua yeeb yam Lavxias nyiam qhia hauv lawv daim duab. Lawv txhua tus xav ntes lub cim nyob ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawd. Nws yog qhov txaus siab heev los xav txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias cov ntawv ntawm xyoo pua 20th los ntawm kev pleev xim ntawm cov neeg pleev xim. Xav txog cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws.

Txog tus kws sau paj huam

Lub npe tiag tiag ntawm kws sau paj lug yog Anna Andreevna Gorenko. Nws yug xyoo 1889 thiab yog tsev neeg ntawm cov tswv av hauv chav kawm siab. Nws loj hlob hauv Tsarskoe Selo, thaj chaw muaj kev hwm nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm St. Petersburg. Akhmatova txiv tau hais kom tus ntxhais sau rau hauv lub npe tsis tseeb (nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev los sau nws tus kheej lub npe, thiab nws txiv tsis xav tau lub koob npe nrov li ntawd rau nws). Nws nyob hauv St. Petersburg, hauv lub khw muag khoom loj, uas Akhmatova ntsib nws yav tom ntej tus txiv Nikolai Gumilyov. Nws tau taug qab nws ntau xyoo, txawm tias sim ua kom tua tus kheej lub npe ntawm kev tsis nyiam. Tsis ntev, kev sib tham ntev ntev coj mus rau kev sib yuav thiab tom qab yug tus tub. Tus tub hu ua Leo. Rau nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim, Anna tau xaiv lub npe Akhmatova ua kev hwm rau cov txheeb ze nyob deb ntawm Tatar keeb kwm.

Cov lus tseeb nthuav txog Akhmatova: ⦁ Nws tus qauv, tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev xav hauv siab, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib tham ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj.

⦁ Nws lub suab thiab lub suab poj niam zoo tau yug los rau txoj nkauj tshiab hauv paj huam Lavxias. Tus kws sau ntawv Korney Chukovsky tau hais tias: "Cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm ob lossis peb tiam tau poob rau hauv kev hlub, yog li tham, ua ke nrog Akhmatova cov paj huam, pom hauv lawv qhov kev xav ntawm lawv tus kheej."

⦁ Nws txoj haujlwm raug txwv thiab txwv los ntawm Stalinist cov tub ceev xwm. Tab sis nws tau ua siab loj txaus txuas ntxiv mus zais thiab tseem nyob hauv Russia, ua tim khawv txog cov xwm txheej puag ncig nws.

⦁ Nws cov ntsiab lus yog qhov dav: kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm, nco, qhov nyuaj ntawm lub neej, kev hlub, thiab lwm yam. Kev hlub yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv Akhmatova cov paj huam, thiab nws lub suab tau ua rau cov neeg nyeem qaug cawv los ntawm qhov pib.

⦁ Nws cov paj huam tau tshoov siab thiab pab ib puag ncig loj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas sau ntawv Soviet thiab kws sau paj huam kom txawj tshaj lij (Iosif Brodsky xyaum loj hlob raws li nws txoj kev qhia paub).

⦁ Ntau txhiab leej neeg nrog nws lub sijhawm tseem ceeb. Nws tuag xyoo 1966 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 76 xyoos. Ob txoj kab ke tau teeb tsa hauv Moscow thiab Leningrad.

Dab tsi yog cov duab nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau paj huam?

1. Kaum rau Portraits ntawm Modigliani (1911)

Ib puas xyoo dhau los, tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias Anna Akhmatova bewitched Paris thiab … Amedeo Modigliani. Anna Akhmatova, 21, nrog lub qhov muag pom thiab cov plaub hau zoo nkauj, tuaj txog hauv Paris xyoo 1910 nrog nws tus txiv. Nkawd ob leeg tau ua lawv cov honeymoon. Cov kws sau paj huam nto moo hauv lawv haiv neeg Russia, lawv tau mus ncaj nraim rau Montparnasse, qhov chaw nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm Parisian avant-garde. Ntawm no lawv tau ntsib cov neeg pleev xim, cov duab puab, kws sau paj huam thiab kws sau paj huam uas tau tsiv mus rau thaj chaw los ntawm Montmartre hauv kev tshawb nrhiav pheej yig xauj, khw kas fes pheej yig thiab cov tsev puas uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua haujlwm. Ib ntawm lawv yog Amedeo Modigliani uas muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos, tus kws kos duab nrog Roman lub qhov ntswg zoo, muaj lub puab tsaig muaj zog, thiab plaub hau dub. Nws ntxim nyiam Anna. Nws yog lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub siab thiab lub siab. Thoob plaws nws nyob hauv Paris, Modigliani pheej coj nws mus rau Iyiv gallery ntawm Louvre txhawm rau xav txog tus kws sau paj huam ntawm cov mlom thiab phooj ywg. Lub cev ntev ntawm Akhmatova thiab lub qhov ntswg nrog lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj ua tus neeg Iyiv vajtswv poj niam thiab poj huab tais uas qhuas Modigliani. Tus kws kos duab pleev xim 16 daim duab ntawm Akhmatova.

2. Cov duab nto moo tshaj plaws: Nathan Altman (1914)

Cov duab no yog ib qho ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias tus kws kos duab Nathan Altman thiab lub npe nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab paj huam. Natan Isaevich Altman (1889 - 1970) yog tus kws kos duab Lavxias thiab Soviet avant -garde, kws ua yeeb yam cubist, teeb tsa tus tsim qauv thiab kos duab. Nws tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg Yudais cov tub lag luam. Cov duab nto moo tau tshoov siab los ntawm paj huam thiab paub tus kheej nrog Anna Akhmatova hauv Paris xyoo 1911 thiab hauv St. Cov duab tau raug xaiv luv rau Nobel nqi zog xyoo 1965 thiab yeej thib ob. Cov duab piav qhia txog tus kws sau paj huam raws li ntau tus neeg nyob ib puag ncig nco txog nws - siab, nqaim, nrog lub ntsej muag thiab ntsej muag ntsej muag. Thiab, tau kawg, saib tu siab. Tus kws sau paj huam tau piav qhia txog keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm cov nplaim paj zoo nkauj, ua piv txwv txog lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kev npau suav paub daws teeb.

3. Portraits tag nrho ntawm kev poob: Yuri Annenkov (1921)

Xyoo 1921 hauv Petrograd, hauv lub tsev zoo nyob ntawm Kirochnaya Street, Yuri Annenkov pleev xim ob daim duab ntawm Akhmatova ib zaug: ib qho tau ua nrog tus cwj mem, lwm qhov - nrog gouache. Qhov sib txawv yog qhov duab thib ob piav qhia tus kws sau ntawv mus rau lub duav, qhov uas nws khov hauv ib nrab-profile, ua rau nws zoo siab tso nws txhais tes rau ntawm nws lub hauv siab. Tab sis hais txog thawj daim duab, Evgeny Zamyatin tau sau: "Daim duab ntawm Akhmatova - lossis, qhov tseeb dua: duab ntawm Akhmatova lub qhov muag. Los ntawm lawv - zoo li huab - lub teeb, hnyav ntxoov ntxoo hla lub ntsej muag, thiab muaj ntau qhov poob hauv lawv. Lawv zoo li tus yuam sij hauv cov nkauj: tus yuam sij no tau muab tso rau - thiab koj hnov lub qhov muag hais li cas, kev quaj ntsuag ntawm cov plaub hau, paj yeeb dub ntawm lub zuag. " Lub qhov muag loj thiab nthuav tawm ntawm tus poj niam zoo li daim iav ntawm tus ntsuj plig - lawv qhia peb qhov kev tu siab uas tus poj niam zoo li no tau ntsib thaum lub sijhawm nyuaj thaum teeb duab tau npaj. Los ntawm txoj kev, daim duab xim thib ob ntawm tus kws sau paj huam tau muag xyoo 2013 ntawm Sotheby's rau $ 1.38 lab.

Annenkov - ib tug hero artist. Nws tswj kom muaj sia nyob Stalinist kev tsim txom, tua Trotsky, rhuav tshem tus cwj pwm ntawm Stalin. Nws pom kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb qib siab hauv Soviet hauv qhov chaw thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj kev tsim txom hnyav hauv kev tsim txom hauv USSR. Thiab thaum kawg ntawm nws lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim, yav dhau los tus kws tshaj lij kev ua yeeb yam Annenkov tau dhau los ua tus neeg kos duab ntawm phau ntawv txwv tsis pub Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

4. Portrait thaum lub sijhawm raug xwm txheej: Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1922)

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws epigraph rau tus duab ntawm Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin yuav yog cov lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam: "Thiab peb paub tias hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas lig / Txhua teev yuav raug txiav txim; / Tab sis tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv ntiaj teb uas tsis muaj kua muag ntau, / khav theeb thiab yooj yim dua peb. " (1922). Cov duab tau pleev xim rau hauv ib lub xyoo nyuaj rau cov kws sau paj huam thiab muaj cov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Lub sijhawm no, Akhmatova thawj tus txiv, Gumilyov, raug tua.

Akhmatova tau dim ntawm kev lim hiam ntawm kev tawm tsam thaum nws tus txiv, ntawm kaum ob ntawm lwm tus neeg txawj ntse, raug tua nyob rau xyoo 1921 rau kev koom tes los rhuav tshem tsoomfwv. Ib qho ntxiv, nws nyiam tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws qhia, Alexander Blok, tau tuag. Tus tub ntawm Gumilyov thiab Akhmatova, Lev, tus kws paub keeb kwm zoo, tseem raug ntes thaum lub sijhawm Stalinist tshem tawm, raug txim ntawm "kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam" thiab xa mus rau GULAG. Akhmatova niaj hnub tawm tsam rau nws tso tawm, tso nws tus kheej lub neej rau qhov txaus ntshai. "Tus txiv nyob hauv qhov ntxa, tus tub raug kaw hauv tsev, / Thov thov txim rau kuv," Akhmatova sau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov paj huam nto moo tshaj plaws, Requiem. Kev sib nrauj los ntawm nws tus txiv thib ob yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau nws. Oddly txaus, cov xwm txheej tau ntsib tsis tau ua hauv daim duab. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws tau piav qhia nrog nws lub taub hau tuav siab. Txawm hais tias tus kws sau paj huam nws tus kheej tau hais txog cov duab raws li hauv qab no: "Nws tsis zoo li nws - nws yog timid."

5. Angel dub thiab Cov Profile Zoo Tshaj: Nikolay Tyrsa (1928)

Xyoo yog xyoo 1928. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, Akhmatova tau tso tseg tsis tshaj tawm tag nrho: "Tom qab kuv yav tsaus ntuj hauv Moscow (lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1924), qhov kev daws teeb meem tau dhau los ua kom kuv cov haujlwm sau ntawv ploj mus. Lawv nres tshaj tawm kuv hauv cov ntawv xov xwm thiab ntawv xov xwm, thiab lawv tsis caw kuv mus rau yav tsaus ntuj kev sau ntawv. Kuv ntsib M. Shaginyan ntawm Nevsky. Nws hais tias: "Koj yog ib tus neeg tseem ceeb: muaj tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam hais txog koj - tsis txhob raug ntes, tab sis kuj tsis tshaj tawm." Tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog, Pawg Sab Laj tau txiav txim siab tias Akhmatova yog tus sawv cev ntawm "paj huam tsis muaj dab tsi, tsis muaj lub tswv yim, neeg txawv teb chaws rau peb cov neeg." Cov neeg Communist tsis nyiam qhov lawv suav tias yog kev hloov pauv ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev zoo nkauj tshaj ntawm nws cov paj huam. Tus thawj coj ntawm tog Zhdanov tau piav txog nws cov paj huam tias nws nyob deb ntawm cov neeg rau nws "kev sim me me thiab kev ntseeg thiab kev xav tsis thoob." Thiab kev ntsiag to yog qhov kev puas tsuaj tshaj plaws rau nws. Rau tus poj niam uas nyob rau sau paj huam, Stalin qhov kev txwv ntawm txhua yam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub neej uas tsis tau ua dhau los ntawm kev tswj hwm (nws thaum kawg txwv nws txoj haujlwm tag nrho) yog qhov tsis zoo. Lub sijhawm no, tus kws kos duab Nikolai Tyrsa tsim ntau tus duab ntawm Akhmatova, siv cov khoom txawv txawv - sib xyaw ntawm cov xim dej nrog soot los ntawm lub teeb roj av. Osip Mandelstam tau zoo siab los ntawm tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm:

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Akhmatova cov paj huam tsis tau tshaj tawm nyob txhua qhov chaw, tab sis tau faib tawm ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse hauv daim ntawv samizdat. Tib neeg cim lawv, sau lawv, muab lawv rau phooj ywg thiab … hlawv lawv. Khaws "teeb meem" paj huam yog kev ua si txaus ntshai.

6. Pre-war portrait: Benjamin Belkin (1941)

Thawj qhov pov thawj ntawm Belkin txoj haujlwm ntawm Akhmatova cov duab hnub rov qab rau lub Tsib Hlis 1922. Veniamin Pavlovich sau ntawv mus rau Berlin: "Kuv mob siab rau koom nrog hauv kev pleev xim, Kuv pleev xim ib daim duab ntawm Akhmatova thiab kos duab." Tsev khaws puav pheej Anna Akhmatova (Lub Tsev Dej) muaj daim ntawv the White Flock, uas nws nthuav tawm rau tus kws kos duab, nrog cov ntawv sau hauv qab no: “Nyob zoo Veniamin Pavlovich Belkin thawj hnub ntawm peb cov duab pleev xim rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1922. Petersburg "cov. Tom qab ntawd, rau qee qhov tsis paub vim li cas, tus kws kos duab rov sau cov duab no thiab rov qhia nws dua ntawm kev nthuav tawm "Cov kws kos duab ntawm RSFSR hauv 15 Xyoo" xyoo 1932. Cov duab ua tiav tau tiav hauv xyoo 1941.

7. Sab sab, tab sis zoo li muaj zog: Moses Langleben (1964)

Daim duab 1964 ntawm tus kws kos duab Langleben piav txog tus poj niam uas qaug zog los ntawm kev mob thiab kev nyuaj siab, tab sis tsis tawg, leej twg muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv, raug ntes thiab raug kaw ntawm nws tus tub, kev tsim txom kev sau ntawv, tawm ntawm cov txheeb ze thiab tsis nco qab. Ib xyoos ua ntej nws tuag, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 75, thaum nws cov paj huam tsis tau tshaj tawm hauv nws lub tebchaws tau 18 xyoo, Akhmatova tau raug caw tuaj rau Askiv thiab tau txais nws daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm Oxford University.

Hauv kev hais lus hnyav nws tau hais tias Kuv hais ncaj rau tus poj niam zoo nkauj no yog Sappho thib ob (tus kws sau paj huam Greek thiab tshuab raj qub). Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1965, tsis ntev tom qab nws raug tso cai taug kev mus rau Askiv kom tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj zoo, nws raug mob plawv thiab tuag. Tom qab ntawd, txuj ci thiab cuab yeej ntawm Anna Akhmatova yuav raug lees paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Kev txaus siab ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov kws sau ntawv thuam kuj yog lub tragic hmoo ntawm tus tub ntawm Anna Akhmatova, thiab tias Lev Gumilyov tsis tuaj yeem zam txim rau nws niam.