Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm haiv neeg: Napoleon poob qhov kev txiav txim siab vim yog kev ntxeev siab ntawm nws cov tub rog

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Rau plaub hnub, txij Lub Kaum Hli 16 txog Lub Kaum Hli 19, 1813, kev sib ntaus sib tua loj heev tau nthuav tawm ntawm thaj chaw ze Leipzig, tom qab ntawd hu ua Battle of Nations. Nws yog lub sijhawm ntawd txoj hmoo ntawm lub tebchaws ntawm Corsican Napoleon Bonaparte, uas nyuam qhuav rov qab los ntawm kev tawm tsam Sab Hnub Poob uas tsis tau ua tiav, tau txiav txim siab.

Yog tias Phau Ntawv Teev Npe Guinness tau muaj nyob 200 xyoo dhau los, tom qab ntawd Kev Sib Tsoo ntawm Cov Neeg ntawm Leipzig yuav tau nkag mus rau nws ib zaug raws li plaub qhov ntsuas: raws li qhov loj tshaj plaws, ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm, feem ntau ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau tshaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog huab tais. Peb qhov ntsuas kawg, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis tau raug ntaus kom deb li deb.

Txoj kev txiav txim siab phem

Kev tawm tsam tsis zoo ntawm xyoo 1812 tseem tsis tau txhais hais tias kev puas tsuaj ntawm Napoleonic faj tim teb chaws. Tau muab cov tub rog sau cia nyob rau hauv caj npab ua ntej lub sijhawm thiab sib sau ua tub rog tshiab, Bonaparte thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1813 tau ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntau rau cov neeg Lavxias thiab lawv cov phoojywg, Prussians, rov ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm feem ntau ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees.

Txawm li cas los xij, tau xaus Plesvitsky kev tawm tsam, nws poob sijhawm, thiab tom qab nws xaus, kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Napoleonic kev koom tes tau ua tiav nrog Austria thiab Sweden. Hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis, Bonaparte tus muaj zog tshaj plaws yog Saxony, uas nws tus vaj ntxwv Frederick Augustus Kuv kuj yog tus kav ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Warsaw, tau rov tsim dua ntawm qhov tawg ntawm Poland.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv Saxon peev ntawm Dresden, Fab Kis tus huab tais tau faib cov tub rog ntawm Marshal Saint-Cyr, nws xa cov tub rog Marshal Oudinot mus rau Berlin, thiab Macdonald cov tub rog tau txav mus rau sab hnub tuaj kom nkaum ntawm Prussians. Qhov kev sib faib ntawm cov rog tau ua rau ceeb. Marshal Marmont qhia kev txhawj xeeb tias nyob rau hnub Napoleon yeej ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua loj, Fab Kis yuav swb ob leeg. Thiab kuv tsis yuam kev.

Hnub tim 23 Lub Yim Hli, Cov Tub Rog Sab Qaum Teb tau kov yeej Oudinot ntawm Großberen, thiab thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 6 tau kov yeej nws tus ua tiav, Ney, ntawm Dennewitz. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 26, Blucher's Silesian pab tub rog yeej MacDonald ntawm Katzbach. Muaj tseeb, Napoleon nws tus kheej thaum Lub Yim Hli 27 tau kov yeej cov tub rog Bohemian tseem ceeb ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Schwarzenberg, uas tsis tau ua rau nws txoj kev mus rau Dresden. Tab sis thaum Lub Yim Hli 30, cov tub rog Bohemian rov qab los ntawm Kulm tsoo Vandam lub cev uas tau tig los ntawm nws txhais taw. Cov lus txib Allied txiav txim siab tsis txhob tawm tsam nrog Napoleon nws tus kheej, tab sis kom tsoo cov ntawv loj sib cais los ntawm nws lub zog loj. Thaum cov phiaj xwm zoo li no pib muab cov txiaj ntsig, Napoleon txiav txim siab tias kev sib ntaus sib tua dav dav yuav tsum raug rau tus yeeb ncuab ntawm tus nqi.

Sau tawm cov pirouettes txawv txav ntawm kev ua si thiab kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, Bonaparte thiab cov tub rog Allied los ntawm cov lus qhia sib txawv tau mus txog qhov chaw uas txoj hmoo ntawm kev sib tw yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. Thiab lub ntsiab lus no yog lub nroog loj thib ob hauv Saxony, Leipzig.

Pob zeb pov los ntawm yeej

Los ntawm kev tsom mus rau lub zog tseem ceeb rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Dresden, Bonaparte vam tias yuav tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab txoj cai flank. Nws cov tub rog tau ncab raws tus Dej Playe. Bertrand cov neeg sawv cev (12 txhiab) sawv ntawm Lindenau yog tias cov tub rog hu ua Polish ntawm Bennigsen tau tshwm sim sab hnub poob. Cov tub rog ntawm Marshals Marmont thiab Ney (50 txhiab) tau lav lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv Leipzig nws tus kheej thiab xav tias yuav tiv thaiv Blucher qhov kev tawm tsam nyob rau sab qaum teb.

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 16, thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov, Lavxias lub cev ntawm Eugene ntawm Württemberg tau tawm tsam Fab Kis ntawm Wachau, uas tsoo tag nrho txoj kev npaj ntawm Napoleon. Hloov chaw ntawm Txoj Kev Ncaj Ncees txoj kev sib raug zoo, kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Austrian corps ntawm Giulai tau dhau los ua haujlwm ntau dua nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, ua rau muaj kev mloog zoo ntawm Marmont thiab Ney.

Thaum txog 11 teev sawv ntxov, Napoleon yuav tsum tau pov rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tag nrho cov tub ceev xwm thiab ib feem ntawm cov qub. Ib pliag nws zoo li nws tau tswj kom tig cov dej ntws. Lub "roj teeb loj" ntawm 160 rab phom tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Cov Phooj Ywg "kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm rab phom loj, tsis tau hnov dua hauv keeb kwm kev ua tsov ua rog hais txog nws qhov kev xav," raws li Lavxias tus thawj coj Ivan Dibich tau sau txog nws.

Tom qab ntawd 10 txhiab ntawm Murat cov neeg caij tsheb tau maj mus ua rog. Ntawm Meisdorf, nws cov neeg caij tsheb tau khiav mus rau qhov siab ntawm lub roob, uas lub hauv paus ntawm cov phoojywg nyob, suav nrog ob tus huab tais (Lavxias thiab Austrian) thiab huab tais Prussia. Tab sis txawm tias cov tseem muaj "daim npav trump" nyob hauv lawv txhais tes.

Alexander I, tau ua rau nws tus phooj ywg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, tau txav 100 lub phom phom ntawm Sukhozanet, Raevsky lub cev, Kleist cov tub rog thiab Life Cossacks ntawm nws tus kheej lub tsheb thauj mus rau thaj chaw raug hem. Napoleon, nyeg, txiav txim siab siv tag nrho Tus Saib Xyuas Qub, tab sis nws lub ntsej muag tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Austrian corps ntawm Murfeld ntawm sab xis. Ntawd yog qhov uas "cov neeg yws qub" mus. Lawv tau nthuav tawm Austrians thiab txawm coj Merfeld nws tus kheej raug kaw. Tab sis lub sijhawm ploj lawm.

Lub Kaum Hli 17 yog hnub ntawm kev xav rau Napoleon, thiab qhov tsis zoo nyob ntawm qhov ntawd. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, Silesian pab tub rog tau ntes ob lub zos thiab tau hais meej tias yuav ua lub luag haujlwm "rauj" nyob rau hnub tom ntej, uas, ntog rau Fab Kis, yuav ua rau lawv ntog mus rau "phom" ntawm Bohemian pab tub rog. Txawm tias tsis zoo, Sab Hnub Poob thiab Cov tub rog Polish yuav tsum tuaj txog ntawm tshav rog thaum lub sijhawm 18th. Bonaparte tsuas tuaj yeem thim rov qab los ntawm kev coj nws pab tub rog hla Leipzig thiab tom qab ntawd thauj lawv hla tus dej Elster. Tab sis txhawm rau npaj qhov kev txav mus los, nws xav tau lwm hnub.

Kev ntxeev siab thiab yuam kev tuag

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18, nrog rau tag nrho plaub ntawm lawv cov tub rog, Cov Phooj Ywg xav tias yuav tso tawm rau rau qhov kev tawm tsam ua haujlwm thiab puag ncig Napoleon hauv Leipzig nws tus kheej. Nws tsis tau pib tawm yooj yim. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg Polish ntawm Napoleonic pab tub rog, Jozef Poniatowski, ua tiav txoj kab raws Playa River. Blucher tau ua lub sijhawm tiag tiag, tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa sijhawm los ntawm Bernadotte, uas nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm nws cov neeg Swedes.

Txhua yam hloov pauv nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm Bennigsen cov tub rog Polish. Tshooj 26 ntawm Paskevich, uas yog ib feem ntawm nws, yog thawj qhov tshwj tseg, tau lees paub txoj cai ntawm kev tawm tsam thawj zaug rau Austrian corps ntawm Klenau. Tom qab Paskevich tau hais txog kev ua ntawm cov phoojywg zoo heev. Ua ntej, cov neeg Austrians tau taug kev ncaj ncees hla nws pab tub rog, thiab lawv cov tub ceev xwm tau qw rau cov neeg Lavxias ib yam li: "Peb yuav qhia koj tias yuav tawm tsam li cas." Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ob peb zaug txhaj txiv hmab txiv ntoo, lawv tig rov qab thiab rov qab los nyob rau hauv ib qib me me. "Peb tau tawm tsam," lawv hais khov kho, thiab tsis xav mus rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntxiv lawm.

Qhov pom ntawm Bernadotte yog lub ntsiab lus kawg. Tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov no, Saxon faib, Württemberg cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog Baden tau hla mus rau ib sab ntawm Allies. Raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm Dmitry Merezhkovsky, "qhov tsis txaus ntseeg txaus ntshai nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Fab Kis pab tub rog, zoo li yog lub plawv tau tawm ntawm nws." Nws tau hais khov kho heev, vim tias tag nrho cov neeg ua txhaum cai tuaj yeem nyuaj dhau 5-7 txhiab, tab sis Bonaparte yeej tsis muaj dab tsi los npog qhov khoob uas tshwm sim.

Thaum sawv ntxov ntxov ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 19, Napoleon cov chav pib rov qab hla Leipzig mus rau tus choj nkaus xwb hla Elster. Feem coob ntawm cov tub rog twb hla dhau lawm, thaum txog ib teev thaum yav tav su, tus choj uas tau tawg tam sim ntawd ya mus rau saum huab cua. 30,000th Tus tiv thaiv Fab Kis tom qab yuav tsum raug piam sij lossis tso tseg.

Yog vim li cas ua ntej ntawm kev tawg ntawm tus choj yog kev ntshai ntau dhau ntawm cov neeg Fabkis sappers uas tau hnov lub siab tawv "hurray!" cov tub rog ntawm tib pab pawg ntawm Paskevich uas tawg mus rau Leipzig. Tom qab ntawd, nws yws: lawv hais tias, hmo tom ntej, "cov tub rog tsis tso cai rau peb mus pw, rub tus Fab Kis tawm ntawm Elster, qw tias:" Cov sturgeon loj tau raug ntes. " Cov no yog cov tub ceev xwm poob dej, uas lawv pom nyiaj, saib, thiab lwm yam."

Napoleon nrog nws cov tub rog uas seem tau thim rov qab mus rau Fabkis thaj tsam txhawm rau txuas ntxiv mus thiab thaum kawg poob kev sib ntaus xyoo tom ntej, uas tsis tuaj yeem muaj yeej lawm.