2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06
Muaj ntau qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov poj niam lub cev qub thaum ub. Raws li ib qho ntawm lawv, cov poj niam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv lub taub hau yog paj. Wreaths tau woven ntawm lawv, woven rau hauv braids. Tom qab sib yuav, tus poj niam Slavic tau ntsaws nws cov plaub hau hauv qab nws lub taub hau. Raws li kev xav ntawm paj, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub hnav nyob ib ncig ntawm pob ntseg tau tshwm sim. Thaj, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub no muaj lub npe qub "zeeryaz" (los ntawm lo lus pob ntseg), txawm hais tias nws tau paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws lub npe txee - "ib ntus ib ntus".
Raws li lawv tus yam ntxwv sab nraud thiab thev naus laus zis, cov nplhaib ib ntus raug muab faib ua pawg: xaim, hlaws, uas yog ib pawg me me ntawm pseudobasis, scutellum, radial thiab lobe.
Hlau tuam tsev rings.
Qhov loj me thiab cov duab ntawm cov xaim hlau ua haujlwm yog lub cim rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntu hauv lawv: lub ntsej muag zoo li lub ntsej muag, lub ntsej muag zoo li lub ntsej muag, cov nplhaib nruab nrab thiab cov plaub hau. Ntawm thawj peb chav haujlwm, muaj kev faib ua hom:.
Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov xaim hlua tau xaws rau ntawm lub taub hau lossis qhwv rau hauv cov plaub hau. Lawv tau nthuav dav nyob rau X-XIII ib puas xyoo. thoob plaws ntiaj teb Slavic thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm li haiv neeg lossis keeb kwm keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, ib thiab ib nrab tig kaw cov hlua hlau yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm pab pawg sab qab teb hnub poob ntawm pab pawg Slavic [8].
Buzhany (Volynians), Drevlyans, Polyana, Dregovichi.
Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv zoo li lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag uas muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1 txog 4 cm. Qhov feem ntau yog cov nplhaib uas tsis kaw thiab sib tshooj kawg thiab, raws li ntau yam tom kawg, ib thiab ib nrab tig ib ncig. Ntau tsawg dua tuaj hla khoov-kawg thiab S-kawg ib ncig, ntxiv rau polychrome, ib leeg-hlaws thiab peb-hlaws cov hlaws dai.
Sab qaum teb.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb yog cov xaim xaim xaim hlua ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th-12th (Daim duab 4). Cov poj niam hnav lawv ob lossis plaub ntawm txhua sab [8]. Cov nplhaib no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj sab hauv uas zoo ib yam ntawm sab laug ntawm Dniep er nyob rau xyoo 6th-7th (daim duab 5).
Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua yav dhau los tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm cov duab cuav uas tsis muaj txheej txheem ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th-13th pom nyob ntawm cov chaw ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb (Daim duab 6). Rings XI-XIII ib-paus xyoo yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas ntawm kev tsim khoom [2].
Smolensk-Polotsk Krivichi.
Lub Smolensk-Polotsk Krivichi muaj txoj hlua tes zoo li lub tuam tsev cov nplhaib. Lawv tau txuas nrog cov hlua tawv rau lub taub hau ua los ntawm cov tawv ntoo lossis cov ntaub, los ntawm ob txog rau rau ntawm txhua lub tuam tsev [8]. Yeej, cov no yog cov nplhaib nrog ob txoj hlua khi (XI - thaum ntxov XII caug xyoo) thiab ib lub pob kawg (XII -XIII ib puas xyoo) [2]. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Istra thiab Klyazma cov dej, feem pua tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm S-dav hlau rings (X-XII caug xyoo) tau tshwm sim, thaum nyob hauv lwm thaj tsam lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg pom (Daim duab 7).
Pskov Krivichi: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?
Hauv thaj chaw no, muaj cov saw hlau zoo li lub tuam tsev cov nplhaib uas hloov pauv qhov kawg, cruciform thiab nkhaus. Qee zaum tswb nrog lub qhov ntoo khaub lig (X-XI ib puas xyoo) lossis cov trapezoidal (qee zaum ib sab-duab peb sab) pendants nrog cov paj ntoo zoo nkauj tau dai rau ntawm cov saw hlau (Daim duab 8).
Rau Slovenian Novgorod yog yam ntxwv. Hom ntxov tshaj plaws yog lub nplhaib 9-11 cm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas muaj daim duab carved rhombic kom meej meej, sab hauv uas tus ntoo khaub lig nyob rau hauv rhombus tau piav qhia hauv kab ntawv. Qhov kawg ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog peb lub voj voog. Ob qho kawg ntawm lub nplhaib raug khi lossis ib qho ntawm lawv tau xaus nrog daim ntaub thaiv. Hom no yog hu ua daim ntaub thaiv kab mob rhomboid classic [8]. Nws muaj nyob hauv 11th - thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 12th. Rau qhov kawg ntawm XI-XII ib puas xyoo. tus qauv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nyob rau hauv lub rhombus thiab plaub lub voj voog ntawm daim teb yog tus yam ntxwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntaub thaiv npog tau du thiab tom qab ntawd oval. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj, tus ntoo khaub lig raug hloov los ntawm cov voj voos lossis cov thav duab. Qhov loj ntawm lub nplhaib tseem raug txo. Raug rau qhov kawg ntawm XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. yog lub qhov (socket-end rings), dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov thav duab los yog kab tav tav [2]. Txoj kev hnav cov rings no zoo ib yam li cov hlua tes xaim hlua.
Nyob rau hauv XIII-XV centuries. ntawm Novgorod Slovenes, qhwv ntsej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus nug hloov pauv tau nthuav dav [8, 9], (Daim duab 9).
Txheeb xyuas lub cim ntawm cov hom ntawm lub nplhaib sab hauv B. A. Rybakov [7] sau hais tias: "Lub nplhaib ib ntus ntawm Dregovichi, Krivichi thiab Slovens ntawm Novgorod muaj lub ntsej muag puag ncig lub ntsej muag, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais txog lub hnub qub cim. Hauv Slovenes, lub nplhaib hlau loj tau tiaj nyob hauv 3-4 qhov chaw mus rau hauv daim hlau thaiv, uas yog tus duab ntoo khaub lig lossis lub xwmfab "ideogram ntawm pob kws" tau muab sau. Hauv qhov no, lub hnub ci cim - lub voj voog - tau ua ke nrog lub cim ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev muaj menyuam. " Vyatichi thiab Radimichi.
Cov duab hluav taws xob ntxov tshaj plaws (Daim duab 10) yog los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Romny thiab Borshevsk ntawm xyoo 8-10. [yim]. Cov piv txwv ntawm XI-XIII ib puas xyoo. yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws ntxhib [2]. Lub neej ntawm hom qub tshaj plaws ntawm xya-bladed rings rov qab rau xyoo pua 11th (Daim duab 11).
Hauv nws txoj haujlwm T. V. Ravdina [4] sau tseg tias "qhov qub tshaj plaws xya-lobed lub nplhaib ib sab nyob, nrog ib qho kev zam, sab nraud ntawm qhov qub ntawm xya-lobed rings." Tib txoj haujlwm tseem hais ntxiv tias "kev hloov pauv zuj zus raws sijhawm thiab kev hloov pauv morphological los ntawm qhov qub tshaj plaws xya-bladed XI xyoo pua. mus rau xya-bladed Moskvoretsky XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. Tsis yog ". Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb pom ntawm kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no qhia tias qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Piv txwv li, ntau qhov ntawm xya lub ntsej muag loj tshaj plaws tau pom hauv Zvenigorod koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow [10]. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig muaj rau kuv, cov khoom tawg ntawm cov nplhaib no feem ntau pom nrog cov khoom tawg, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm hu nws, ntawm thawj hom ntawm qhov yooj yim xya-bladed nplhaib (Daim duab 12), hauv thaj tsam ze yav dhau los (yuav luag tag puas tsuaj los ntawm av av mus rau hauv dej) Duna kev sib haum xeeb (thaj av Tula, Suvorovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv).
Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm, hom no tau muaj nyob rau ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th-12th, thiab yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias tsis muaj daim ntawv hloov pauv, nws tuaj yeem yog theem tom ntej hauv kev tsim ntawm xya-bladed ring [6]. Hom no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov me me, poob zoo li tus, cov hniav sib npaug thiab tsis muaj cov nplhaib ib sab. Nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm XII caug xyoo. cov nplhaib ib sab tshwm rau ntawm lub nplhaib, cov duab ntxoov ntxoo nthuav dav hla txhua lub lobe nrog cov lus qhia ntse, lub ntsej muag zoo li lub pob zeb (daim duab 13).
Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib puas xyoo, muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm xya-lobed rings. Lub nplhaib lig yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm peb qho kev ua haujlwm (Daim duab 14).
Kev txhim kho ntawm xya lub ntsej muag lub nplhaib nyob rau ib nrab ntawm XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. mus raws txoj kev ntawm kev nce qhov ntau thiab tsawg, nrog rau cov qauv nyuaj thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj. Muaj ntau hom kev sib tw nyuaj ntawm lig XII - thaum ntxov XIII ib puas xyoo, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv yog qhov tsawg heev. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hniav tuaj yeem yog peb lossis tsib, (Daim duab 15), tab sis lawv tus lej tsis cuam tshuam rau kev sau ntawv lossis sijhawm raws sijhawm. '
Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis quav ntsej ib qho kev sib txawv sau los ntawm T. V. Ravdina [5]. Qhov tseeb yog thaj chaw uas pom muaj coob tshaj plaws ntawm xya-bladed rings tau pom, uas yog cheeb tsam Moscow, tsis yog Vyatics raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, keeb kwm Vyatka qhov siab tshaj ntawm Oka yog tus yam ntxwv me me ntawm kev pom ntawm hom ntiv nplhaib no. Qhov no ua rau muaj lus nug raug cai: puas yog nws raug cai los txiav txim rau lub xya-bladed rings lig raws li tus yam ntxwv ntawm Vyatichi pawg neeg?
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias hom qub tshaj plaws ntawm xya-lobed rings tseem feem ntau pom ntawm thaj av ntawm Radimichi thiab tau hais tseg tias yog qhov piv txwv ntawm xya-txoj kab sib dhos (daim duab 16), XI-XII ib puas xyoo. [4]. Pom qhov tseeb no, B. A. Rybakov [7] xaus lus tias "hom no, pom tseeb, los ntawm Volga-Don txoj kev mus rau hauv thaj av ntawm Vyatichi thiab Radimichi, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zej zog thiab muaj nyob, hloov pauv, txog rau xyoo pua 13th, ua rau nce mus rau Radimichi xya -rayed ib ncig ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 10-11 … thiab vyatichny xya-bladed XII xyoo pua, uas muaj sia nyob txog thaum Tatar ntxeem tau. Ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm nws yog lub nplhaib, nyob rau sab qis uas muaj ob peb cov hniav nthuav tawm sab hauv, thiab sab nrauv - ntev daim duab peb sab ntev, feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov nplej. Kev sib txuas nrog lub hnub tau hnov txawm tias hauv lawv lub npe kev tshawb fawb - "xya -duab tshav". Thawj thawj zaug, cov nplhaib ntawm hom no uas tuaj rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Slavs tsis yog ib tus neeg hauv pawg neeg kos npe, tab sis dhau sijhawm lawv tau nkag los rau hauv thaj av Radimich-Vyatich thiab dhau los ua X-XI ib puas xyoo. xws li lub cim ntawm pab pawg no. Lawv hnav xya lub ntsej muag uas nyob ib sab ntawm kab xev xaws rau lub taub hau. " Cov khoom siv zoo li no hu ua ribbon [1].
Nroog kho kom zoo nkauj.
Kev kho kom zoo nkauj kuj yog rau ntawm daim kab xev. Cov hlaws teeb rau ntawm lub nplhaib tau tsau los ntawm kev txav los ntawm txoj hlua nrog cov xaim nyias. Qhov cua tshuab no tseem tsim qhov sib nrug ntawm cov nplhaib.
Ntiv nplhaib ib sab ib ncig muaj ntau yam [6]:.
Nyias, lub nplhaib ib sab nrog cov hlaws ntawm cov duab sib txawv, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntaub plaub, yuav tsum yog qhov txawv (Daim duab 24). Hom no, hu ua Kievsky, tau nthuav dav nyob rau XII-thawj ib nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua. nyob rau hauv lub chiefities nyob rau ntawm ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine.
Hauv cov chaw nyob deb nroog, tshwj tsis yog rau Suzdal opolye, cov hlaws dai tsis sib xws, tab sis lawv tau nthuav dav ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj hauv nroog. Ribbons nrog txheej ntawm peb-hlaws rings feem ntau ua tiav nrog ib pawg ntawm ob lossis peb lub nplhaib zoo sib xws lossis hnyav nrog lub pendant zoo nkauj (Daim duab 25).
Los ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm XII caug xyoo. xws li pendant tau dhau los ua [5] nrog lub hneev dav thiab lub tiaj tiaj tiaj (daim duab 26). Hauv ib nrab ntawm ib puas xyoo, hloov chaw sab saud, ib feem ntawm lub hli nrog lub nqaim nqaim tshwm.
Sij hawm dhau los, qhov loj ntawm cov kolts tsawg dua. Scanned-grained ray kolts yog qhov tseeb masterpieces ntawm ancient Russia cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kos duab. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub siab dawb siab zoo tshaj plaws yog ua los ntawm kub thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov xim pleev xim rau ob sab (Daim duab 27, 28).
Muaj cov kolts zoo ib yam ua los ntawm cov nyiaj (Daim duab 29). Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog niello. Cov duab nyiam tshaj yog cov duab ntawm mermaids (Sirins) ntawm ib sab thiab cov qaib ntxhw raj nrog cov noob zoo nkauj ntawm lwm qhov. Cov duab zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom ntawm lwm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau piav qhia hauv Vasily Korshun kab lus " Qub Lavxias pendants thiab amulets ntawm 11th - 13th centuries"Raws li BA Rybakov, cov duab kos no yog cov cim ntawm kev muaj menyuam [7]. Lunar kolts feem ntau hnav ntawm txoj hlua txuas nrog lub taub hau hauv thaj chaw tuam tsev.
Hauv ib nrab ntawm XII caug xyoo. hollow enamel lunar kolts ua los ntawm tooj liab pib tshwm. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kev pleev xim rau xim thiab txha hniav laus tsim. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov duab kos tau zoo ib yam li cov ntawm lawv cov "neeg siab zoo". Cov tooj liab tooj liab, tau kawg, yog pheej yig dua li cov hlau uas muaj nuj nqis, thiab tau nthuav dav dua (Daim duab 30-32).
Kolts ua los ntawm tin-lead alloys cam khwb cia nyob rau hauv nruj imitation casting pwm txawm tias pheej yig dua (Daim duab 33, 34), uas tau muaj txog thaum XIV xyoo pua. [niag]. Yog li, lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol Russia tau xaus nrog ib leeg, lig, pheej yig dhau los, nco txog qhov poob ntawm kua muag dhau ntawm cov khoom qub qub uas ploj lawm. Mongol-Tatar kev ntxeem tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ob qho tib si cov txheej txheem thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws siv ntau dua ib xyoo caum los kho nws.
LITERATURE:1. Zhilina N. V. "Lavxias cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub", Rodina No. 11-12, M., 2001. 2. Levasheva V. P. "Lub tsev teev ntuj, Cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias lub zos X-XIII ib puas xyoo.", M., 1967.3. Nedoshivina NWS "Ntawm cov lus nug ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm caj ces ntawm Radimich thiab Vyatichi ib puag ncig ib puag ncig", Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Xeev Lub Tsev Khaws Keeb Kwm. V. 51. M. 1980. 4. Ravdina T. V. "Qhov qub tshaj plaws xya-lobed lub cev ntaj ntsug", 1975. SA Tsis yog 3.5. RVdina T. V. "Xya-bladed ib ncig ib ncig", Teeb meem ntawm Soviet archaeology. 1978, M. 6 Ravdina T. V. "Typology and chronology of bladed temporal rings", Slavs and Rus, M., 1968. 7. Rybakov BA. "Paganism ntawm Ancient Rus", M., 1988.8. Sedov V. V "Eastern Slavs hauv VI-XIII ib puas xyoo.", Archaeology ntawm USSR, M., 1982.9. Sedova M. V."Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm Ancient Novgorod (X-XV ib puas xyoo)", M., 1981.10. Stanyukovich UA li al., Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Zvenigorod Expedition, JSC 1999, M., 2001.11. "Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, cov hlau, iav, Ancient Russia. Lub neej thiab kab lis kev cai ", Archaeology ntawm USSR, M., 1997.12. V. E. Korshun “Nyob zoo tus phooj ywg qub. Nrhiav Qhov Poob ", M., 2008.
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Muaj lub tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Chistye Prudy hauv Moscow, yog ib qho ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm kev dai kom zoo nkauj, uas yog lub npe nrov "Tsev nrog Tsiaj". Nws lub ntsej muag tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov tsiaj zoo nkauj thiab noog, zoo li yog nqis los ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv nrog lus dab neeg Lavxias. Lub tsev txawv txawv heev! Thiab, tau kawg, nws, zoo li ntau lub tsev nyob hauv plawv nroog Moscow, muaj nws tus kheej zaj dab neeg nthuav