Peb lub tsev fuabtais medieval ntawm "thaj av ntawm elves" ntawm Belarus, uas tsim nyog pom nrog koj tus kheej lub qhov muag

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Nws tsis yog tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas kev nyiam sib yuav raug suav hais tias yog lub teb chaws ntawm elves. Cov neeg phooj ywg, hav zoov tuab, lub pas dej ci thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub zoo nkauj, los ntawm qhov keeb kwm ntev thiab nyuaj ntawm cheeb tsam ua pa. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau tsim ua lub chaw tiv thaiv, lwm tus yog cov vaj tsev ntiag tug, thiab txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej ntxim nyiam. Tej zaum peb qhov muaj nqis tshaj plaws mus ntsib tsev fuabtais hauv Belarus yog Brest Fortress, Mir Castle thiab Ruzhany Palace.

Mir Tsev fuabtais

Txawm hais tias lub tsev fuabtais tau tsim tsa nyob rau nruab nrab Hnub Nyoog Kawg, nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog kev tsov kev rog uas tau tas li nyob rau hauv lub viav vias nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab tau teeb tsa hauv ib qho ntawm qhov chaw muaj kev thaj yeeb tshaj plaws tom qab ntawd, tsuas yog ua rau muaj koob npe ntawm tus tswv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tsim nyog, lub tsev fuabtais tuaj yeem yog lub zog tiv thaiv tub rog. Nws tus tswv tau nco txog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj hmoo thiab tso cov phab ntsa tuab dua. Muab rau lub tsev fuabtais thiab nws tus kheej raug kaw.

Thaum xub thawj, lub tsev yog Ilyinichs, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th nws dhau mus rau ib ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania - Radziwills. Lawv nyob puag ncig lub tsev fuabtais nrog lub pas dej, yog li nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau nws tsuas yog hla tus choj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tswv tau tso ib lub vaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv zoo nkauj Italian.

Lub nroog tsis txuag lub tsev fuabtais los ntawm kev ntes thiab nyiag los ntawm Cossacks nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, tab sis cov tswv muaj peev xwm rov qab los thiab kho nws me ntsis tom qab.

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, lub tsev fuabtais tau hloov ntau tus tswv, kom txog thaum kawg nws tau xaus ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Nikolai Svyatopolk-Mirsky, tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias los ntawm cov tub rog. Nws muaj nws tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm qhov tsim nyog hloov pauv. Nws txiav lub vaj thiab khawb ib lub pas dej nyob hauv nws qhov chaw, thiab teeb tsa lub chaw tso dej ze ntawm lub tsev fuabtais.

Thaum ua tsov rog, cov neeg German tau siv lub tsev fuabtais los ua cov neeg Yudais thiab cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua rog. Tam sim ntawd tom qab ua tsov rog, cov tsev neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob nyob hauv nws tau li kaum xyoo. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj ib nrab ntawm sab hauv.

Tam sim no lub tsev fuabtais tsis yog qhib rau pej xeem xwb: nws nyob hauv tsev so, muaj lub koob tsheej zoo nkauj, kev hais kwv txhiaj, kev nthuav tawm, kev sib tham tshawb fawb. Yog li koj ib txwm tuaj yeem ua ke nrog kev lom zem thiab mus ntsib ib qho ntawm cov kev lom zem lossis kev hais kwv txhiaj thiab tib lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas cov dab neeg zeb.

Lub fortress Brest

Hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub tsev fuabtais tau tsim rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Kab thiab Mukhavets, uas tau dim ntau qhov kev tsov kev rog thiab kev tiv thaiv kom txog thaum nws puas tsuaj nyob rau xyoo kaum yim. Ua ntej tsov rog nrog Napoleon, Lavxias tus thawj coj Sukhtelen thiab Barclay de Tolly tau hais tias tsoomfwv Lavxias rov txhim kho lub chaw tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, tab sis qhov tseeb qhov haujlwm no tau ua tsuas yog nyob hauv Nicholas I. Lub faus uas tiv thaiv lub fortress ntawm lub tsev fuabtais. dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub fortress tshiab.

Kev tsim kho tseem ceeb tau ua tiav los ntawm 1842. Lub chaw tiv thaiv nkag mus rau kab tiv thaiv uas tsim los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias suav nrog cov teeb meem thiab tsis suav nrog hauv kev ua rog zaum kawg nrog Napoleon. Txawm tias ib lub chaw tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ncua sijhawm ua ntej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog nyob rau hnub ntawd: nws txaus ntshai dhau los thiab tawm tag nrho cov tub rog nyob tom qab. Txhua lub fortress yuav tsum raug kaw.

Thaum lub sijhawm Soviet-Polish ua tsov rog xyoo 1919, Poles tau khaws cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua rog nyob hauv ib lub yeej rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib kis tsis txaus ntseeg, ntau dua ib txhiab tus neeg raug kaw tuag. Tom qab ntawd nws tseem tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg poob siab, thiab lub luag haujlwm los ntawm Polish Sejm, tau xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog cov xwm txheej rau kev khaws cov neeg raug kaw, ua tiav kev txhim kho hauv cov xwm txheej no. Tab sis xyoo 1920 cov neeg raug kaw tau raug tso los ntawm Red Army, tau tswj hwm kom nyob ruaj hauv lub tsev me me.

Txog thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, lub fortress yog koom nrog cov Pole. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2, Cov Neeg German pib foob nws. Rau ob lub lis piam cov tub rog tiv thaiv nws tus kheej kom txog thaum nws pom meej tias kev tawm tsam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Lub taub hau ntawm tub ceev xwm, Plisovsky, tau xaj kom tawm ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv, thiab cov neeg German tau tuav nws. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 22, lawv tau muab lub chaw tiv thaiv rau Soviet Union.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1945 ntawm 4.15 Cov Neeg Qaum Teb Qaum Teb tau qhib lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv. Ntau tus tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm tau raug tua, cov chaw khaws khoom, cov kav dej tau raug puas tsuaj, kev sib txuas lus tau raug cuam tshuam. Cov neeg German tsoo mus rau hauv lub fortress, tsoo qhov tsis kam ntawm cov tub rog mus rau ntau lub chaw. Kev faib phom ob leeg tau tswj kom tawm ntawm lub chaw nyob ruaj khov, tus so (kwv yees li 9,000 tus tub rog) tsuas tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv qhov tsis zoo.

Txog thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 24, cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress tswj kom mob siab rau hauv Citadel thiab Kobrin fortification. Qhov tseeb, lawv tau thim rov qab cov tub rog German, vim nws zoo li tsis muaj lus nug tias yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. Lub koom haum tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tau tawm mus txog thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 29. Rau qee lub sijhawm tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog ib leeg thiab pab pawg me me ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm tseem tawm tsam. Cov tub rog ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv tau ua kom puas rau cov tub rog German, suav txog 5% ntawm tag nrho Wehrmacht poob hauv thawj lub lim tiam ntawm kev ua rog.

Nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm Brest Fortress tau siv los ntawm Lavxias thiab Soviet cov tub ceev xwm nrog rau lub tsev kaw neeg. Lawv khaws cov neeg ntxeev siab Polish, cov neeg Ukrainian thiab Belarusian haiv neeg, cov tub ceev xwm Polish uas tsis swb rau xyoo 1939. Qhov seem ntawm tsev lojcuj tau raug rhuav tshem xyoo 1955.

Tam sim no Brest Fortress yog ib qho chaw nco. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb monuments rau cov tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem mus ntsib Tsev khaws puav pheej Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Tsev Dawb, nrog rau tso paj rau ntawm lub qhov ntxa nrog cov seem ntawm 850 tus tiv thaiv.

Ruzhany Palace

Tus neeg sawv cev Polish uas muaj npe nrov ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, Lev Sapega, tau ua lub tsev tiv thaiv nrog peb lub yees thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Thaum xub thawj, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo txog lub fortress (tshwj tsis yog lub npe ntawm tus tswv). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ib tus xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Lev Sapieha tau ntiav tus kws kho vajtse Saxon los tig lub tsev fuabtais me me thiab tho txawv rau hauv lub tsev. Lub tsev ua yeeb yam kuj tau tsim nyob ze ntawm lub tsev huab tais thiab chaw ua si Askiv-style tau teeb tsa. Tus tswv tseem khaws cov duab kos duab tiag thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm Grand Duchy of Lithuania hauv lub tsev fuabtais.

Tom qab kev tawm tsam Polish xyoo 1831, uas Sapieha tau koom nrog, lub tsev huab tais tau txeeb los ntawm lawv los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias thiab qiv tawm rau lub chaw tsim khoom lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tsev fuabtais tseem nyob tau ntev - txog thaum hluav taws tau pib los ntawm lub tsev ntxhua khaub ncaws hauv xyoo 1914. Lawv tau sim rov kho lub tsev, tab sis kev ua tub rog thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic thaum kawg ua rau nws puas. Hauv daim ntawv no, tsev fuabtais Sapieha sawv ntsug ntev heev.

Kwv yees li kaum xyoo dhau los, tsoomfwv Belarus pib kho lub tsev tsim vaj tsev. Txog rau hnub tim, ib feem ntawm lub tsev tau rov qab los; sab hauv muaj lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj rau tus tswv qub ntawm lub tsev fuabtais thiab keeb kwm ntawm Ruzhany. Cov neeg nyiam hauv zos ntawm cov dab neeg hauv zos coj mus ncig ua si zoo. Ib qho ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem xaj kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam thiab kev sib yuav raws cai. Qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub tsev huab tais kuj tseem tsim nyog pom - nws zoo heev txawm tias nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Qhov loj yog yuav tsum ceev faj.

Los ntawm txoj kev, raws li cov lus dab neeg, ib qho ntawm Belarusian tsev fuabtais tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg kev txi, txawm hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm Christian … Cia peb cia siab tias feem ntau ntawm cov tsev fuabtais raug xa tawm yam tsis muaj tib neeg cov pob txha hauv phab ntsa!