Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Polovtsians uas muaj kev sib cav ntawm peb: lawv yog leej twg, thiab lawv tuaj yeem lees paub hnub no li cas

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Polovtsi yog ib tus neeg tsis paub qab hau tshaj plaws uas tau ploj mus hauv keeb kwm Lavxias ua tsaug rau kev tawm tsam ntawm cov thawj coj thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm tebchaws Russia, yog tias tsis swb cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov, tom qab ntawd tsawg kawg los rau hauv pom zoo nrog lawv. Cov Cumans lawv tus kheej tau kov yeej los ntawm Mongols thiab tau txiav txim siab hla ib feem loj ntawm Europe thiab Asia. Tam sim no tsis muaj cov neeg uas tuaj yeem taug qab lawv cov keeb kwm ncaj qha rau Polovtsians. Thiab tseem lawv yeej muaj xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Hauv hav zoov (Deshti -Kipchak - Kipchak, lossis Polovtsian steppe) nyob tsis tau tsuas yog Polovtsians, tab sis kuj yog lwm haiv neeg, uas qee zaum koom nrog Polovtsians, qee zaum lawv suav tias yog kev ywj pheej: piv txwv li, Cumans thiab Kuns. Feem ntau yuav yog, Polovtsians tsis yog pawg neeg "monolithic", tab sis tau muab faib ua pab pawg. Cov kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov cais 11 pab pawg, keeb kwm Lavxias tseem qhia tias cov pab pawg Polovtsian sib txawv nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Dnieper, sab hnub tuaj ntawm Volga, ze rau Seversky Donets.

Ntau tus thawj tswj hwm Lavxias yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Polovtsians - lawv txiv feem ntau sib yuav cov ntxhais Polovtsian. Tsis ntev dhau los, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog yuav ua li cas Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei Bogolyubsky tau saib tiag. Raws li kev rov tsim kho ntawm Mikhail Gerasimov, hauv nws qhov tsos, Mongoloid cov yam ntxwv tau ua ke nrog Caucasoid. Txawm li cas los xij, qee tus kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, piv txwv li, Vladimir Zvyagin, ntseeg tias tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv Mongoloid hauv tus huab tais zoo li.

Polovtsians lawv tus kheej zoo li cas?

Tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov qhab nia no. Hauv cov peev txheej ntawm XI-XII caug xyoo, Polovtsians feem ntau hu ua "daj". Cov lus Lavxias kuj yuav yog los ntawm lo lus "kev sib deev", uas yog, daj, quav nyab.

Qee tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Polovtsians yog "dinlins" piav los ntawm Suav: cov neeg uas nyob rau sab qab teb Siberia thiab daj daj. Tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb tso cai ntawm Polovtsi Svetlana Pletneva, uas tau rov ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov pob zeb, tsis pom zoo nrog qhov kev xav txog "plaub hau ncaj ncees" ntawm pab pawg neeg Polovtsian. "Daj" tuaj yeem yog tus kheej lub npe ntawm ib feem ntawm haiv neeg, txhawm rau kom paub qhov txawv ntawm nws tus kheej, tawm tsam tus so (tib lub sijhawm, muaj, piv txwv li, "dub" Bulgarians).

Raws li Pletneva, feem ntau ntawm Polovtsians tau xim av-qhov muag thiab cov plaub hau tsaus-cov no yog Turks nrog cov sib xyaw ntawm Mongoloid. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo uas ntawm lawv muaj cov neeg sib txawv ntawm qhov tsos - Polovtsians txaus siab ua tus poj niam thiab tus niam yau ntawm Slavs, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tsev neeg muaj tswv yim. Cov thawj coj tsis tau muab lawv cov ntxhais thiab viv ncaus rau cov neeg nyob hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv Polovtsian nomad chaw pw hav zoov tseem muaj Rusichs uas raug ntes hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, nrog rau qhev.

Hungarian tus huab tais ntawm Cumans thiab "Cuman Hungarians"

Ib feem ntawm Hungary keeb kwm cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau Cumans. Ob peb tsev neeg Polovtsian tau nyob ntawm nws thaj chaw twb nyob rau xyoo 1091. Xyoo 1238, los ntawm Mongols, cov Polovtsians nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Khan Kotyan tau nyob ntawd nrog kev tso cai ntawm King Bela IV, uas xav tau phooj ywg. Hauv Hungary, zoo li hauv qee lub tebchaws European, cov Polovtsians raug hu ua "Cumans". Cov av uas lawv pib nyob muaj npe Kunság (Kunsag, Kumania). Hauv tag nrho, txog 40 txhiab tus tib neeg tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw tshiab.

Khan Kotyan txawm muab nws tus ntxhais rau Bela tus tub Istvan. Nws thiab Polovtsian Irzhebet (Ershebet) muaj ib tug tub Laszlo. Rau nws keeb kwm nws tau lub npe menyuam yaus "Kun".

Raws li nws cov duab, nws tsis zoo li Caucasian yam tsis muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm Mongoloid cov yam ntxwv. Qhov tseeb, cov duab no ua rau peb nco txog kev rov tsim kho sab nrauv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov paub los ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm.

Laszlo tus neeg saib xyuas tus kheej suav nrog nws cov phooj ywg pab pawg neeg, nws txaus siab rau kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm nws niam cov neeg. Txawm hais tias nws tau lees paub ua neeg ntseeg, nws thiab lwm tus Cumans tau thov Vajtswv hauv Cuman (Cuman).

Lub Cuman Polovtsians maj mam sib sau ua ke. Rau qee lub sijhawm, txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, lawv hnav khaub ncaws hauv tebchaws, nyob hauv yurts, tab sis maj mam saws cov haiv neeg Hungarians. Cov lus Cuman tau txais los ntawm cov lus Hungarian, thaj av hauv zej zog tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm, uas tseem xav saib "Hungarian ntau dua". Thaj tsam Kunsag tau ua rau lub tebchaws Ottoman nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Raws li kev tsov kev rog, txog li ib nrab ntawm Kipchak Polovtsians tuag. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, cov lus tau ploj tag.

Tam sim no cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob deb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov tsis txawv ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Hungary - lawv yog Caucasians.

Polovtsi in Bulgaria

Polovtsi tuaj txog hauv Bulgaria tau ntau pua xyoo lawm. Hauv XII caug xyoo, thaj chaw tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Byzantium, cov neeg nyob hauv Polovtsian tau koom nrog cov tsiaj yug tsiaj nyob ntawd, sim nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam.

Hauv xyoo pua 13th, cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov uas tau tsiv mus rau Bulgaria tau nce. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tuaj ntawm Hungary tom qab Khan Kotyan tuag. Tab sis hauv Bulgaria lawv tau sib xyaw sai nrog cov neeg hauv zos, tau txais kev ntseeg Vajtswv thiab poob lawv cov haiv neeg tshwj xeeb. Tej zaum, Polovtsian cov ntshav tam sim no ntws hauv qee tus lej ntawm Bulgarians. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tseem nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas tus yam ntxwv ntawm caj ces ntawm Polovtsians, vim tias muaj ntau yam ntawm Turkic cov yam ntxwv hauv pab pawg neeg Bulgarian vim nws keeb kwm. Bulgarians kuj muaj Caucasian zoo li.

Polovtsian ntshav hauv Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Uzbeks thiab Tatars

Ntau tus Cumans tsis tau tsiv teb tsaws chaw - lawv sib xyaw nrog Tatar -Mongols. Cov kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm Al-Omari (Shihabuddin al-Umari) tau sau tias, thaum koom nrog Golden Horde, cov Polovtsians tau hloov mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm cov ncauj lus. Tatar-Mongols uas tau nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Polovtsian steppe maj mam sib xyaw nrog Polovtsians. Al-Omari xaus lus tias tom qab ntau tiam neeg Tatars pib zoo li Polovtsians: "zoo li yog los ntawm tib (nrog lawv) xeem", vim lawv pib nyob ntawm lawv thaj av.

Tom qab ntawd, cov tib neeg no tau nyob hauv thaj tsam sib txawv thiab koom nrog hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau haiv neeg niaj hnub no, suav nrog Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Kirghiz thiab lwm haiv neeg hais lus Turkic. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov no (thiab cov uas tau teev tseg hauv nqe lus ntawm ntu) haiv neeg sib txawv, tab sis txhua tus muaj feem ntawm Polovtsian ntshav.

Polovtsi tseem yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Crimean Tatars. Cov lus sau ntawm cov lus Crimean Tatar yog cov pab pawg Kypchak ntawm cov lus Turkic, thiab Kypchak yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Polovtsian. Cov Cumans sib xyaw nrog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Huns, Pechenegs, thiab Khazars. Tam sim no feem ntau ntawm Crimean Tatars yog Caucasians (80%), Crimean steppe Tatars muaj Caucasian-Mongoloid tsos.

Lwm qhov kev paub tsis paub thaum ub uas nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb yog cov neeg Gypsies. Txog, dab tsi yog zais hauv lub yeej, lossis ua li cas Polish Gypsies nyob?, tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ib ntawm peb cov kev tshuaj xyuas yav dhau los.