Vim li cas Europe tsis nco qab cov kos duab txheej thaum ub ntawm rooj teeb

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Peb yuav tsum noj txhua hnub los txhim kho peb lub zog. Tib lub sijhawm, zaum ntawm lub rooj, peb tsis tshua xav txog dab tsi ntawm nws nyob ntawm peb xub ntiag. Cov ntaub pua chaw, ntaub so ntswg, khob, diav - txhua yam no zoo li yog qhov tseeb rau peb. Lub caij no, teeb rooj kuj muaj keeb kwm nthuav.

Cov neeg tseem ceeb, tau kawg, tsis muaj cov tais diav. Tom qab ntawd cov av nplaum thiab rab diav tau tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd tib neeg tau los nrog ntau yam khoom noj uas pab txhawb thiab txhawb txoj kev noj mov. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov txawv txav raws caij nyoog hauv qhov pom ntawm cov khoom no!

Cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov neeg Loos

Cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub, cov neeg Greek thiab cov neeg Loos muaj hwjchim ua neeg nyob: cov tais thiab tais rau cov dej haus uas ua los ntawm av nplaum thiab iav tau tshwm sim. Ntxiv mus, iav tau pom nyob hauv ntau lub tsev. Cov neeg Loos twb muaj khob, tais diav thiab tais ntawm kub thiab muab nyiaj npib. Muaj tseeb tiag, lawv tsis paub cov tais diav, tsuas yog diav, thiab rab diav tsis tshua muaj: lawv tau noj cov kua zaub, muab cov qhob cij tso rau hauv nws, thiab nqa cov zaub mov tas nrog lawv txhais tes.

Cov neeg Greek thiab Loos tau coj lawv kev coj noj coj ua mus rau ntau qhov chaw, los ntawm Persia mus rau Askiv, los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub Sab Hnub Poob mus rau Morocco. Kaum ob ntawm cov neeg ntawm Eurasia tuaj yeem saib yuav ua li cas cov neeg Greek, haus cawv los ntawm lub tais, nyiam ua si ntawm cov ntxhais-flutists. Cov thawj coj ntawm ntau pua pawg neeg tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm kev paub ntawm cov neeg Loos uas muaj siab ntseeg, uas muaj cov tub qhe tshwj xeeb los ua noj ci rau ntawm lub rooj.

Tab sis thaum Roman faj tim teb chaws poob, daim duab ntawm rooj teeb ploj nrog nws. Tebchaws Europe tau rov qab los rau qhov tseem ceeb: cov zaub mov tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw so ntawm cov rooj thiab sib nrug los ntawm txhais tes. Los yog siv cov qhob cij ua cov phaj. Nyob rau xyoo pua 8, txawm tias nyob hauv tsev hais plaub huab tais ntawm Europe, tsis muaj ntaub pua chaw, tsis muaj daim hlau, tsis muaj roj roj Hellenistic! Thaum yav tsaus ntuj, lawv tau ua lub teeb taws thiab taws tswm ciab.

Thiab tam sim ntawd - tsis pom qhov laj thawj - lawv nco txog kev ua koob tsheej ntawm cov neeg Greek thiab Loos! Ib zaug ntxiv, cov tais kub tau ci rau ntawm lub rooj ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe (thiab tseem tsis muaj diav). Charlemagne tau rov coj cov neeg ua haujlwm "refectory": tus saib xyuas lub luag haujlwm saib xyuas zaub mov, tus cag yog lub luag haujlwm rau haus. Cov suab paj nruag haus tau hnov dua. Cov ntaub pua rooj (uas lawv tau so lawv txhais tes) thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ntsev shakers tau tshwm sim.

Ntxiv mus, kev coj noj coj ua "txav mus rau tib neeg." Tsis txhob cia cov neeg ua liaj ua teb coob coob, tab sis cov neeg tawg rog nyob rau XIV-XV ib puas xyoo twb tau siv ntoo thiab cov tais diav, riam, diav, tsom iav. Txog rau xyoo pua 18th, cov tais diav tshwj xeeb rau ci, tureens thiab daim hlau ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab nyiaj, lossis txawm tias plooj (porcelain), tau tshwm ntawm lub rooj. Kho kom zoo nkauj lub rooj nrog cov paj zoo nkauj npaj thiab cov ntaub so ntswg zoo nkauj tau dhau los ua zam.

Txwv tsis pub kawm

Diav rawg hauv kev ua liaj ua teb (thiab qee zaum hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua) tau siv txij li lub sijhawm pharaohs, suav nrog hauv Russia. Tab sis rab diav rawg tsoo lub rooj noj mov txawm tias tom qab "cov khoom me me" tau siv hauv chav ua noj ua noj. Vim li cas? Yog lawm, vim tias cov txiv plig Catholic tau tawm tsam qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab no - los ntawm kev txiav txim siab tias yog tias Yexus ua yam tsis muaj rab diav rawg ntawm Hmo Noj Mov Kawg, ces peb tsis xav tau ib qho.

Hauv ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 16th, tsis hais txog kev xav ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, cov neeg siab zoo coj rab rawg hauv lawv txhais tes: qhov tseeb yog, raws li kev zam lub sijhawm, kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm muaj lush siab dab tshos Nws nyuaj rau noj yam tsis muaj rab diav rawg, ntuav daim hauv koj lub qhov ncauj nrog ob txhais tes rog, hnav khaub ncaws zoo li no.

Tej zaum rab diav rawg tau tsim ob peb zaug. Thaum xub thawj nws yog ob tug hniav. Hauv Fab Kis, rab diav rawg tsib rab diav tau siv rau qee lub sijhawm. Nyob rau xyoo 17th, nws tau txais nws qhov zoo li niaj hnub no - nrog peb lossis plaub me ntsis khoov cov hniav.

Thawj rab diav rawg raug coj tuaj rau Askiv los ntawm Ltalis xyoo 1608. Thiab lawv "tuaj" rau Russia los ntawm Tebchaws Poland nrog Marina Mniszek peb xyoos ua ntej, tab sis tsis muaj cag. Kev xav ntawm Orthodox yog raws li hauv qab no: txij li tsar thiab tsarina tsis noj nrog lawv txhais tes, tab sis nrog lub suab nrov, nws txhais tau tias lawv yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog. Tsuas yog tom qab, thaum rab rawg dhau los ua cov khoom niaj hnub nyob hauv Europe, Peter Kuv yuam kom cov neeg siab zoo siv lawv.

Los ntawm ib lub iav mus rau lub ntsej muag iav

Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov nkoj haus qhia tau hais tias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg sib txawv li cas sib txhawb sib txhawb. Hauv Tebchaws Europe lawv haus cawv los ntawm cov av, ntoo, iav thiab cov hlab hlau. Cov plooj (porcelain) tau tsim nyob hauv Suav teb. Tab sis daim ntawv rau haus - lub tais - Suav tau qiv los ntawm cov neeg nomadic, thiab lawv ua rau lawv yam tsis muaj tes tuav, vim koj tseem tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov tes tuav ntawm txoj kev.

Tau ntev, cov plooj (porcelain) tau thauj mus rau Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Thaum xyoo 1700s, Johann Böttger tau txais thawj cov plooj (European porcelain). Xyoo 1710, thawj cov khoom lag luam plooj (porcelain) hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tsim hauv Meissen, Saxony. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm nws lub tais tau nco txog Suav - nrog mallows, paj qhaus thiab noog txawv, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, lub nkoj tsis muaj tes tuav. Cov tes tuav tau txuas rau lawv los ntawm tus kws kos duab Johann Joachim Kendler xyoo 1731.

Los ntawm Tebchaws Europe, cov khoom no tuaj rau Russia. Tab sis peb twb muaj keeb kwm zoo txog kev haus cov hlab ntsha. Ua ntej, lawv siv cov hlau enchantment - qis, puag ncig, tsis muaj pallet, nrog lub txee tiaj tiaj. Nyob rau xyoo 17th -18th ib puag ncig, tsom iav tuaj rau hauv kev zam - nrog lub hauv paus qis lossis cov ceg kheej kheej ruaj khov, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txha hniav laus, niello lossis embossing. Lawv hu ua iav iav, vim nws suav nrog 1/100 ntawm lub thoob (0, 123 litres). Lawv kuj haus los ntawm lub tais hemispherical nrog rau sab saum toj thiab nqaim hauv qab. Lawv tau ua iav tsom iav thiab tsom iav los ntawm cov laug cam.

Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub iav tsom iav yog qhov nthuav. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, xws li twb muaj nyob rau XVI-XVII ib tiam lawm. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb, vim tias tha xim ntawm Spaniard Diego Velazquez "Noj Tshais" (1617-1618) piav txog lub iav zoo nkauj, txawm hais tias muaj oblique ntug. Nyob rau xyoo 17th, tsom iav tau pib ua hauv Russia.

Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Efim Smolin yog lub khob iav uas nthuav tawm lub iav zoo nkauj rau Peter I. Tus tsim ntawm Lavxias lub nkoj, kwv yees tias cov tsom iav zoo li no tsis yob tawm ntawm lub rooj thaum dov, xaj lawv rau lub nkoj. Nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Paul I, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 18, qhia txog qhov txwv tsis pub haus cawv txhua hnub rau cov tub rog, sib npaug li iav.

Hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, tsom iav tau tsim hauv Asmeskas los ntawm kev nias, thiab tib lub sijhawm tus tub lag luam Lavxias Sergei Maltsov tau yuav cov cuab yeej Asmeskas los pov cov iav tib yam hauv Russia. Qhov kev thov rau nws cov khoom siv tes ua pheej yig ruaj khov yog qhov loj; cov neeg hu ua tsom iav Maltsov.

Xyoo 1943, ntawm lub khob iav hauv Gus -Khrustalny, lub iav tshiab tau tso tawm - cov duab uas peb tau siv. Cov iav zoo li no tau muab ntau rau cov tshuab nrog dej qab zib. Hauv Moscow ib leeg, kwv yees li ntawm 10 txhiab leej ntawm lawv tau teeb tsa, thiab txhua tus muaj lub cuab yeej rau yaug lub khob: nws yuav tsum tau nias nruj heev tiv thaiv cov hlau ntoo kom cov kwj dej yuav ntxuav nws tawm. Tau kawg, rau cov txheej txheem zoo li no, cov khoom xav tau kom muaj zog.

Ib lub khob iav tuab, ua ntawm qhov kub txog 1500 °, tau raug rho tawm ob zaug thiab txiav siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, thiab txawm tias, lawv hais tias, cov hlau lead tau ntxiv rau nws kom nws muaj zog dua. Qhov tseeb, ntawm iav - txawm tias koj muab nws tso rau hauv qab, txawm tias koj muab nws tso rau nws sab - koj tuaj yeem sawv nrog koj txhais taw, thiab nws sawv.

Cov ntawv xov xwm tawv ncauj hais tias tus kws kos duab V. I. Mukhina, tus sau phau ntawv "Tus Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Tus Poj Niam Ua Liaj Ua Teb", tab sis qhov no tsis yog li ntawd - tus neeg sau iav tsis paub. Muaj tseeb tiag, Mukhina kuj tau sau tseg nws tus kheej hauv "cov tais diav": nws tsim cov qauv tsim ntawm Soviet npias mug classic.