Cas Kazimir Malevich tsim "Dub Square" thiab Suprematism ua dab tsi nrog nws

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Coob leej ntau tus tau pom cov duab ntawm Kazimir Malevich's "Black Square" ib txhiab zaug. Qhov no yog nyob deb ntawm ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem feem ntau ntawm cov kos duab uas tau tsim. Tab sis daim duab no txhais li cas thiab lub xwmfab yog dab tsi? Cia peb dhia mus rau hauv lub tswv yim tom qab kos duab txav mus los hu ua Suprematism thiab ua tibzoo saib cov duab ntxim nyiam uas tsim los ntawm nws lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb.

1. Phau ntawv keeb kwm

Kazimir yug hauv 1878 ze Kiev hauv tsev neeg Polish. Malevich tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub zog hu ua Lavxias avant-garde, uas tsis yog cov kws ua yeeb yam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog kws sau paj huam, tus tsim qauv, kws kes duab vajtse, kws sau ntawv thiab kws ua yeeb yaj kiab. Qhov kev txav no tau piav qhia thawj xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th hauv Russia. Lub sijhawm no, ntau qhov kev hloov pauv kev nom kev tswv tau tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws, suav nrog keeb kwm tseem ceeb thaum Lub Kaum Hli Kev Tawm Tsam Xyoo 1917.

Kev ua yeeb yam xws li Suprematism, Russian Futurism thiab Constructivism yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias avant-garde. Ua ke nrog Kazimir, cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Lyubov Popova, Alexander Rodchenko, Natalia Goncharova, El Lissitzky tau raug hu ua Lavxias avant-garde cov kws ua yeeb yam. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias avant-garde yog lub monument rau Vladimir Tatlin rau Peb Thoob Ntiaj Teb.

Kazimir kuj ua haujlwm ua xibfwb qhia ntawv ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Cov Neeg Art hauv Vitebsk, tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab Marc Chagall. Hauv kev koom tes nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv Vitebsk, Kazimir tau tsim ib pab pawg hu ua UNOVIS, nws lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov txuj ci tshiab uas tau txhawb los ntawm kev kos duab ntawm Suprematism. Cov pab pawg tau ua haujlwm ua ke txog peb xyoos, tawg thaum xyoo 1922. Ib tus ntawm nws cov neeg txhawb nqa hauv UNOVIS yog tus kws kos duab Lavxias nto moo El Lissitzky, paub txog nws cov Prouns series.

2. Suprematism yog dab tsi

Yog li Cas Cas tuaj nrog Suprematism? Nyob rau ib lub sijhawm tus kws tsim qauv, nws los nrog lub ntsiab Suprematist - lub xwmfab dub, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws thiab teeb tsa kev tsim ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam Yeej dhau lub Hnub. Yog li, nws txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam no tau ua pov thawj rau yav tom ntej ntawm Suprematism, vim tias nws yog lub sijhawm no uas tus kws kos duab tau los nrog cov duab geometric uas tau piav qhia nws kev coj ua zoo nkauj.

Xyoo 1913, tus kws kos duab Lavxias tau koom tes nrog tus kws sau nkauj Mikhail Matyushin thiab cov kws sau paj huam Alexei Kruchenykh thiab Velimir Khlebnikov los ua haujlwm ua yeeb yam. Matyushin ua haujlwm ntawm suab paj nruag, Kruchenykh sau libretto, thiab Malevich tsim qhov pom kev ntawm tus yeeb yam. Cov ris tsho tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov cubo-futuristic style. Cov style no, raws li nws lub npe qhia, tau tshoov siab los ntawm Cubism thiab Futurism. Cov duab thiab cov duab xim pom hauv Casimir cov duab kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv nws cov khaub ncaws. Qhov xwm txheej tau xeeb los ua ib lub xwmfab, uas tau dhau los ua qhov kev mob siab rau hauv tus kws kos duab. Tus kws kos duab tom qab tau sau tseg tias nws theem tsim qauv rau kev ua yeeb yam Yeej dhau lub Hnub yog thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm Suprematism.

3. Philosophy ntawm Suprematism

Suprematism raws li kev txav txav tau txuas nrog kev xav thiab ua haujlwm ntawm Casimir. Tsis muaj Suprematism tsis muaj tus kws kos duab Lavxias. Rau nws, Suprematism sawv cev rau qhov tseeb tshiab hauv kev pleev xim, txawm tias nws tsis tau pom ib qho xwm txheej pom hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Rau tus kws kos duab, cov duab geometric siv hauv Suprematism yog qhov tseeb tshiab. Lawv tsis tau txhais dab tsi tab sis lawv tus kheej. Cov lus pom ntawm Suprematism yog kev paub daws teeb, tsuas yog tsom mus rau cov duab geometric yooj yim thiab xim.

Hauv nws qhov Manifesto, Malevich sau:. Suprematism xav nug txog kev kos duab, nws lub hom phiaj thiab kev ua haujlwm. Suprematist kos duab tau txiav txim siab tsis muaj nuj nqis, Casimir nws tus kheej txawm siv lo lus no los piav qhia nws cov txuj ci hauv kev sau ntawv "Los ntawm Cubism thiab Futurism mus rau Suprematism: Tshiab Painterly Realism hauv 1916".

Nws kuj tau saib Suprematism tsis yog tsuas yog kev coj ua zoo, tab sis kuj yog kev xav ntawm txoj kev xav. Rau nws, kev kos duab tau txiav txim siab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis xav ua haujlwm rau ib lub tswv yim nom tswv lossis kev xav.

Casimir ntseeg tias tus kws kos duab yuav tsum muaj kev ywj pheej thiab ywj siab txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm kev kos duab. Los ntawm Suprematism, nws kuj xav tshawb txog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov chaw pleev xim thiab yuav ua li cas Malevich suav tias Suprematism yog kev ntseeg, uas rau nws tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm kev kos duab, tab sis yog pib tshiab.

Lwm lub sijhawm tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab nws daim duab thiab Suprematism nws tus kheej yog kev ntxhib los mos. Lub sijhawm no tau xub qhia los ntawm Vladimir Markov. Nws tau piav qhia kev ntxhib los mos raws li lub tswv yim dav dav hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov duab puab, kos duab thiab hauv txhua qhov txuj ci uas muaj qee yam suab nrov. Rau Malevich thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm UNOVIS, kev ntxhib los mos yog lub tswv yim, kev txhim kho tshiab. Tus kws kos duab Lavxias kuj tau sau ntau yam txog lo lus no thiab tau sim muab nws lub ntsiab lus txhais.

4. Square dub

Malevich's Black Square feem ntau yuav yog nws txoj haujlwm Suprematist nto moo tshaj plaws. Yog li dab tsi ua rau Black Square tshwj xeeb? Los ntawm tha xim ib lub xwmfab dub rau ntawm daim ntaub, Casimir xav ua kom deb nrog cov kev xav ib txwm muaj ntawm kev kos duab ua ib yam khoom sawv cev. Nws tau qhia qhov tseeb tshiab uas tsis yog qhov uas tib neeg tuaj yeem pom hauv xwm lossis zej zog.

Lub xwmfab dub pom tsis muaj lus piav qhia. Nws tsis lees paub cov lus pom zoo ntawm kev pleev xim thiab npaj siab rau qee yam tshiab. Tus kws kos duab txawm hais tias nws "Dub Square" yog lub ntsej muag tshiab ntawm kev kos duab. Qee zaum nws tau siv lub xwmfab dub me me los kos npe rau hauv lwm daim duab, ua pov thawj tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Black Square yog rau nws li cas.

Nws yog qhov nthuav heev uas Casimir sau hnub tha xim rau xyoo 1913, txawm hais tias nws tau pleev xim rau xyoo 1915. Thiab ntawm no yog vim li cas: tus kws kos duab ntseeg tias kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum yog hnub tim rau lub sijhawm thaum lub tswv yim ntawm cov xim tha xim tuaj rau tus kws kos duab lub siab. Txij li Casimir ntseeg tias nto moo "Black Square" tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev kos duab ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam rau "Kev Ua Phem Tshaj Tshav", nws sau hnub tim rau xyoo 1913.

Hauv tsab ntawv mus rau Matyushin xyoo 1915, Casimir tau sau tseg tias lub xwmfab tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau nws hauv kev kos duab ntawm theem tsim. Nws sau: “Daim duab no yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev pleev xim. Dab tsi tau ua tsis tau paub tam sim no dais cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. "Tag nrho, Malevich pleev xim rau plaub daim duab" Dub Square ". Thawj daim ntawv tau tsim hauv xyoo 1915 thiab cov ntawv luam tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1920s lig thiab thaum xyoo 1930s.

Cov Square Dub tau nthuav tawm thawj zaug thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1915 thaum lub sijhawm nthuav tawm hu ua Kev Tshaj Tawm Zaum Kawg ntawm Futuristic Painting 0.10 (Zero-Ten) hauv Petrograd hauv Russia, tom qab ntawd yog peev ntawm Russia. Qhov xoom hauv lub npe txhais tau tias yog pib tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab, uas yuav tsum sawv cev rau Suprematism. Kaum plaub tus kws kos duab tau suav nrog hauv kev nthuav tawm, thiab peb caug-cuaj yam haujlwm ntawm lawv tau nthuav tawm rau ntawd. Casimir nthuav tawm cov xim tha xim los ntawm nws tso rau hauv lub ces kaum sab saud ntawm phab ntsa, uas yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev qhia cov cim Lavxias teb sab Orthodox hauv tsev. Qhov no qhia tias nws xav txog Suprematism raws li kev txav chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig, rau nws "Dub Square" yog lub cim. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "Dub Square" hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab yog qhov tsis lees paub. Nws sawv cev rau qhov hloov pauv, ib yam li ua tiav ntawm Marcel Duchamp. Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, nthuav thiab xav txog kev txhawb siab.

4. Dawb ntawm dawb

Ob peb xyoos tom qab "Dub Square", xyoo 1918, nws kos ib lub xwmfab dawb rau ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau dawb thiab hu ua haujlwm Suprematist muaj pes tsawg leeg - "Dawb ntawm Dawb". Hauv daim duab no, ua tsaug rau nws cov xim thiab yooj yim, cov neeg saib tuaj yeem yooj yim tsom mus rau cov khoom siv ntawm daim duab nws tus kheej. Koj tseem tuaj yeem pom tus qauv ntawm cov xim thiab ntau yam xim dawb uas tus kws kos duab siv ntawm no.

"Dawb ntawm dawb" tau xav kom muab qhov kev xav ntawm daim duab ntab hauv qhov chaw. Rau tus kws kos duab, tus neeg dawb yog tus neeg utopian thiab dawb huv. Nws yog xim tsis muaj qhov kawg. Hauv kev teb rau Malevich's White on White, Alexander Rodchenko tau sau xyoo 1918 txoj haujlwm hu ua Black on Black. Daim ntawv no kuj tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb heev ntawm daim duab. Hauv nws, Rodchenko xav tshawb txog cov khoom zoo ntawm kev pleev xim raws li kev ntxhib los mos thiab daim ntawv.

Malevich tsis tsuas yog sau cov duab Suprematist thiab sau cov tswv yim txog kev txav chaw, nws kuj tau tsim ntau yam khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm Suprematism. Xyoo 1923, ua ke nrog Ilya Grigorievich Chashnik, nws tau tsim ntau lub khob tshuaj yej zoo nkauj. Ib xyoos dhau los, Kazimir tau caw los ntawm Leningrad Porcelain Factory los tsim khob thiab khob dej. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, tus kws kos duab kuj tau tsim cov qauv plaster ntawm Suprematist cov tsev, yog li nws pom tseeb tias nws ib yam tau xav txog kev sib xyaw Suprematism thiab architecture. Nws kuj tsim cov qauv rau textiles. Yog li ntawd, rau Malevich, Suprematism sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb zoo nkauj tag nrho. Nws tsis yog ib txoj hauv kev pleev xim, tab sis kuj tseem nkag siab lub ntiaj teb.

Txuas ntxiv lub ncauj lus ntawm kev kos duab, nyeem ntxiv txog raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm kev nyiam sib hlub ntawm XIX caug xyoo tau txais koob meej loj, dhau los ua khoom muaj nqis hauv tebchaws ntawm lub tebchaws.