Zaj dab neeg ntawm "ér": Yuav ua li cas tsab ntawv nrov tshaj plaws dhau los ua qhov tsis tshua muaj

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2018, hnub tseem ceeb 100 xyoo ntawm kev hloov kho lus Lavxias tau ua kev zoo siab. Ib puas xyoo dhau los, Tib Neeg Txoj Cai Lunacharsky tau pom zoo tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev qhia hloov kho cov ntawv sau tshiab, thiab tsab ntawv "er" lossis "b" poob nws txoj cai. Tab sis ua ntej ntawd, tsab ntawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua qhov nrov tshaj plaws hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Lavxias - nws tau suav nrog txhua lo lus uas tau xaus nrog tus ntawv.

Cov tsho loj plaub tau raug pov tseg tsis yog los ntawm boyars …

Tsab ntawv tau poob nws lub ntsiab lus ntev thaum sau cov lus kawg thiab tsuas yog siv qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv. Thaum "b" muaj ntau txoj haujlwm. Nws tau siv los ua cov lus cais, zoo ib yam li qhov chaw. Nyob rau yav dhau los nyob deb, hauv Lavxias lus tsis tau kaw cov suab lus thaum kawg ntawm cov lus, thiab qhov no tau tawm tsam cov cai thiab "er" tau sau nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob ua txhaum lawv.

Hauv lub Koom Txoos cov lus Slavonic, hais cov suab lus xaus hauv ntau lo lus tsis tau ua lag ntseg los ntawm "er". Qhov kawg ntawm cov npe "ъ" qhia tias lawv yog txiv neej poj niam txiv neej. Sij hawm dhau los, cov haujlwm no tau ploj mus, tab sis cov ntawv sau tau raug khaws cia.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ob qhov kev hloov pauv tau ua tiav hauv Lavxias cov tsiaj ntawv txhawm rau hloov nws. Thawj qhov kev hloov pauv kev sau ntawv los ntawm Peter I. Nws tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm kev yooj yim cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm Lavxias lus. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov ntawv tau dhau los ua cov ntawv loj thiab cov ntawv me, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau hloov pauv lawv cov qauv, cov tsiaj ntawv nyob hauv.

Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab ntawd, tsib tsab ntawv ploj mus. Txhua yam no tau ua tiav kom cov neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb tuaj yeem ua tus txawj nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv. Lomonosov tau sau rau lub sijhawm no tias tom qab ntawd tsis yog cov tub hluas pov rau lawv lub tsho loj, txhais tau tias yog tsab ntawv Slavonic qub.

Yat, Izhitsa, Fita thiab EP

Kev hloov kho tom ntej tau tshwm sim xyoo 1918. Nws tau ua tsaug rau nws tias kev sau thiab sau ntawv ntawm qee lo lus hloov pauv, thiab tseem raug tshem tawm ntawm lub neej txhua hnub: yat, izhitsa, fita thiab er, lossis, raws li peb yuav tam sim no sau, ep. Raws li kev hloov pauv, tus niam ntawv tau yug los, hloov cov tsiaj ntawv. Thawj Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm USSR xyoo 1924 tau tawm los tsis muaj cov cim zoo hauv cov ntawv, tab sis nrog cov ntawv sau tseg. Txog rau thaum ntxov thib peb caug, cov ntawv kuj tau tshaj tawm yam tsis muaj "b".

Cov tshuab ntaus ntawv tsis kim tau tsim tom qab ntawd yam tsis muaj lub cim no, thiab yog li ntawd cov ntawv sau tau rov ua dua nrog cov ntawv sau ntev. Tshem tawm "b" thaum sau ntawv tsis tsuas yog thaum kawg, tab sis kuj nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm qee cov lus, xws li "dvuharshinny", uas yog, ua ntej nws tau muab tso tsis yog nyob rau hauv ntej ntawm lub suab iotated, raws li tam sim no: txuas ntxiv, xa ntawv, tshaj tawm, tawm hauv qab kev faib ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho khoom kos npe.

Qhov tseeb nthuav: "Cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Lavxias siv cov ntawv qub txog thaum xyoo 1950."

Qhov tseeb tias tsab ntawv no tau siv ntau zaus thaum sau ntawv tau pom ntev ua ntej kev hloov pauv. Nws siv yim feem pua ntawm lub sijhawm los luam tawm nws ntawm daim ntawv; hauv cov ntsiab lus nyiaj txiag, nws raug tus nqi ntawm Lavxias lub txhab nyiaj plaub puas txhiab rubles ib xyoos, uas yog, nws kim tshaj plaws thiab tsis tuaj yeem nyeem tib lub sijhawm.

Txhawm rau nkag siab txog qhov ntsuas, tuaj yeem muab piv txwv: hauv phau qub ntawm Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb, uas muaj 2,080 nplooj ntawv, 115,000 ntawm cov cim uas tsis tuaj yeem hais tawm tau luam tawm. Yog tias koj muab lawv ua ke, koj tau txais 70-nplooj ntawv nthuav qhia! Tam sim no suav qhov ntawd los ntawm tag nrho kev ncig, uas yog 10,000 daim ntawv theej. Nws hloov tawm tias cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev luam ntawv tau siv peb thiab ib nrab hnub nyob rau hauv vain tawm ntawm ib puas hnub siv rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm phau ntawv no. Thiab qhov no yog hais txog ib phau ntawv. Thiab yog tias koj xav txog tias daim ntawv nkim ntau npaum li cas.

Tus neeg siv tsab ntawv

Vim li no, nws tsis tau siv xov tooj cua hauv Tsarist Russia, thiab txawm tias qee phau ntawv tau luam tawm yam tsis muaj "ere". Lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov kho tsis yog los ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet. Xyoo 1904, cov kws paub lus Askiv tau sau los ntawm Imperial Academy los kho cov cai sau ntawv. Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Sau Ntawv tau thov kom tshem tawm ep, i, yat, haum thiab ichitsa. Ib yam dab tsi tiv thaiv kev ua tiav ntawm txoj haujlwm no, xa rau kev pom zoo hauv xyoo 1912.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1917, Kerensky tau hais kom qhia txog cov kev hloov pauv no, tab sis Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tsis pom lub sijhawm los siv lawv. Tsoomfwv Bolshevik xyoo 1918, los ntawm txoj cai lij choj, tau coj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov mus rau qhov ua tau zoo thiab tshem tawm cov ntawv tsis tsim nyog los ntawm cov ntawv sau. Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb tsis lees paub qhov kev hloov kho no thiab sau nrog Izhitsy thiab EP.

Qhov tseeb nthuav: Tam sim no "b" tau siv tsawg heev, txog li 0.02% (cov tsiaj ntawv tsis tshua muaj "e", "c", "u" yog 0.2% txhua, "f" - 0.1%).

Tom qab cov tsiaj ntawv "ъ" raug rho tawm los ntawm lub tsev luam ntawv, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi los luam tawm cov ntawv sib faib khoom nrog. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib hloov nws nrog cov ntawv sau tseg: "kev koom ua ke - kev koom ua ke". Qhov kev sau ntawv no tau suav nrog los ntawm ntau yam uas yog ib feem ntawm kev hloov pauv, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Kev sau ntawv tshiab tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tawm tsam kev tsis paub ntawv nyob hauv lub tebchaws tau zoo dua, nws tau dhau los ua qhov yooj yim dua thiab meej dua.

Apostrophe tau siv ntau dhau los. Hauv lub Koom Txoos Slavonic sau nws tau hu ua "yerok". Nws tau muab tso rau qhov hloov pauv ntawm "b" tom qab ntau tsab ntawv ua ntej lossis ua ntej. Tom qab sau ib tsab ntawv, sau tag nrho "ér". Hauv lub sijhawm 90s, cov tub lag luam tshiab uas tau pib ua haujlwm tau qhib cov tuam txhab thiab cov tuam txhab, hauv cov npe uas lawv "sau" ér ntxiv rau qhov hnyav thiab hnyav. Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev sau ntawv thiab Is Taws Nem tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev ntxias kom rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv Lavxias thiab sau rau lawv tus kheej ib qho ntxiv kos npe, ua piv txwv uas yog Kommersant.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig uas xav kom txawj nyeem ntawv, peb tau sau 10 lo lus "ua si", uas feem ntau ua yuam kev.