Cov txheej txheem:

Lavxias pob txha caj dab: Yuav ua li cas cov tswv Kholmogory tsim lawv cov txuj ci
Lavxias pob txha caj dab: Yuav ua li cas cov tswv Kholmogory tsim lawv cov txuj ci

Video: Lavxias pob txha caj dab: Yuav ua li cas cov tswv Kholmogory tsim lawv cov txuj ci

Video: Lavxias pob txha caj dab: Yuav ua li cas cov tswv Kholmogory tsim lawv cov txuj ci
Video: hlub tsis khuv xim txoj sia Part 3 - YouTube 2024, Tej zaum
Anonim
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Yog lawm, Cov kws tshaj lij suav tau suav tias yog tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, vim nyob hauv Celestial Empire lawv tau koom nrog txoj haujlwm no ntau dua ib txhiab xyoo. Tab sis Russia kuj muaj thiab tseem muaj ntau yam txuj ci kos duab. Kholmogory pob txha carving tsev kawm ntawv muaj keeb kwm tshwj xeeb thiab muaj koob meej. Lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj ntawm lub ntiaj teb khaws cov piv txwv zoo ntawm caskets, caskets, cov khoom me me, ua hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm openwork Kholmogory pob txha carving.

Nyob rau Sab Qab Teb Qaum Teb, kev kos pob txha tau ntev los ua cov khoom siv rau cov chaw no. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob - tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg nyob hauv qhov ntau loj tsis tsuas yog ntses, tab sis kuj tseem muaj tus nab walrus, ntawm no hu ua "ntses hniav". Nws kuj tau tshwm sim uas pom cov tsiaj mammoths. Ob leeg walrus thiab mammoth cov pob txha yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev rau kev kos. Cov pob txha Walrus zoo nkauj heev - nws muaj xim dawb lossis xim daj, nws cov qauv sib txawv. Raws li rau pob txha mammoth, nws yog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab ruaj khov. Tshaj li ntau txhiab xyoo, los ntawm kev siv cov ntxhia, cov ntxhuav tau txais ntau yam ntxoov - lawv tuaj yeem yog txiv kab ntxwv, liab dawb, ntshav …

Carvers los ntawm Kholmogory tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo rau lawv cov txuj ci. Kev sib hais haum, uas tau tshwm sim hauv XIV xyoo pua ntawm ntug dej ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Dvina, suav tias yog qhov chaw yug ntawm cov khoom siv qub no.

Kholmogory
Kholmogory

Kholmogory carvers tau kawm tiav thiab txawj ua txuj ci ntau yam txuj ci rau kev ua haujlwm nrog pob txha - kos duab nrog xeb, nyem thiab qhib ua haujlwm …

Contour carving los yog pob txha engraving
Contour carving los yog pob txha engraving

Kev kos duab yog siv thaum koj xav kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo, thaum khaws cia lub ntuj zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom siv. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau ntawm tus nab walrus thiab cov phev whale hniav.

Openwork carving
Openwork carving
Tsoos Kholmogory curl
Tsoos Kholmogory curl

Kholmogory icons

Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog XVIII - thaum ntxov. XIX ib. Cov cim tau ua nrog cov txuj ci zoo, ua kom zoo nkauj thiab nthuav tawm cov duab kos hauv kev piav qhia ntawm cov neeg ntseeg yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Icon "Demetrius, Cheeb Tsam ntawm Rostov" Arkhangelsk xeev Mid-18th xyoo pua Mammoth tusk Relief carving, engraving. Gim
Icon "Demetrius, Cheeb Tsam ntawm Rostov" Arkhangelsk xeev Mid-18th xyoo pua Mammoth tusk Relief carving, engraving. Gim

Thiab qhov no yog qhov tsis tshua muaj thiab yog ib lub cim muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws, "Kev Hloov ntawm Tus Tswv." Nws cov thav duab zoo nkauj heev, ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab thiab rocailles (ib qho ntawm cov qauv zoo nkauj rococo, zoo ib yam li cov plaub hau ntawm lub plhaub).

Icon "Hloov pauv ntawm tus Tswv"
Icon "Hloov pauv ntawm tus Tswv"
Icon "Lub Plawv Kawg"
Icon "Lub Plawv Kawg"
Carver Bobretsov Mikhail Nikitich Icon "Lub Crucifixion nrog Forthcoming" Lub Xeev Arkhangelsk Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Walrus tusk, pob txha, ntoo, ntaub, ntaub ntawv nyem, openwork carving, engraving. Gim
Carver Bobretsov Mikhail Nikitich Icon "Lub Crucifixion nrog Forthcoming" Lub Xeev Arkhangelsk Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Walrus tusk, pob txha, ntoo, ntaub, ntaub ntawv nyem, openwork carving, engraving. Gim
Icon "Sawv Rov Los", ib nrab thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 18th Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kholmogory tus tswv pob txha, ntoo, mica, qhib qhov rooj, kho pob zeb, kos duab xim
Icon "Sawv Rov Los", ib nrab thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 18th Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kholmogory tus tswv pob txha, ntoo, mica, qhib qhov rooj, kho pob zeb, kos duab xim
Icon "Sawv Rov Los", thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv Kholmogory Cov pob txha, ntoo, ntaub, qhib pob zeb txua ntoo, nyem pob zeb
Icon "Sawv Rov Los", thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv Kholmogory Cov pob txha, ntoo, ntaub, qhib pob zeb txua ntoo, nyem pob zeb
Icon "Sawv Rov Los thiab 12 Lub Tsiab Peb Caug" Arkhangelsk Xeev Ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Mammoth tusk, ebony, ntoo Openwork, nyem carving. Gim
Icon "Sawv Rov Los thiab 12 Lub Tsiab Peb Caug" Arkhangelsk Xeev Ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Mammoth tusk, ebony, ntoo Openwork, nyem carving. Gim

Portraits thiab cov duab puab ua ke

Portraits ntawm Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich thiab Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna Arkhangelsk xeev. 1776-1780s Mammoth tusk, ntoo, mica, ntawv Embossed, openwork carving, pleev xim
Portraits ntawm Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich thiab Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna Arkhangelsk xeev. 1776-1780s Mammoth tusk, ntoo, mica, ntawv Embossed, openwork carving, pleev xim
Portrait ntawm Empress Catherine II Arkhangelsk xeev. 1760s Mammoth tusk, ntoo, tawv, hlau Openwork, nyem carving, kos duab. Gim
Portrait ntawm Empress Catherine II Arkhangelsk xeev. 1760s Mammoth tusk, ntoo, tawv, hlau Openwork, nyem carving, kos duab. Gim

Txhawm rau muab qhov hnyav ntxiv rau daim duab, tus kws txiav plaub hau tau muab nws tso rau hauv cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm ntau cov Kholmogory curls.

Ntau tus tub ntxhais hluas ua npau suav ua rau txhua tus xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov txuj ci, txiav tawm qee yam txawv, yam uas tsis muaj leej twg tau ua dhau los. Ib zaug, ob tus kwv tij ib zaug khav theeb tias lawv yuav tuaj yeem txiav tawm cov duab ntawm txhua qhov tsars Lavxias. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub peev xwm los kos cov duab tau suav tias yog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev txawj. Thiab yog dab tsi? Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov lawv tau cog lus tseg - 61 cov duab ntawm cov thawj coj, los ntawm Rurik mus rau Elizabeth, tau muab txiav rau ntawm cov phaj zoo nkauj.

Carver Shubny Yakov Ivanovich Hniav phaj "Genealogy" ntawm Kholmogory. 1774. Walrus pob txha, ntoo, ntaub Openwork, nyem carving, engraving xim. Gim
Carver Shubny Yakov Ivanovich Hniav phaj "Genealogy" ntawm Kholmogory. 1774. Walrus pob txha, ntoo, ntaub Openwork, nyem carving, engraving xim. Gim
Duab puab "Peter I - tus yeej ntawm cov neeg Swedes". 1780-1790s Mammoth tusk, ebony, ntoo, ntaub Volumetric, nyem, tig carving, engraving. Gim
Duab puab "Peter I - tus yeej ntawm cov neeg Swedes". 1780-1790s Mammoth tusk, ebony, ntoo, ntaub Volumetric, nyem, tig carving, engraving. Gim
Equestrian duab puab ntawm Peter lub Great
Equestrian duab puab ntawm Peter lub Great

Walrus thiab mammoth cov pob txha yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev rau kev ua chess: Cov kws kos duab Lavxias tau kos lawv txij li xyoo pua 17th.

Chess. Walrus pob txha. Volumetric carving, engraving, tha xim. Gim
Chess. Walrus pob txha. Volumetric carving, engraving, tha xim. Gim
Chess. Arkhangelsk xeev, XVIII xyoo pua. Mammoth tuskws, Walrus pob zeb tig, nyem carving, xim kos duab
Chess. Arkhangelsk xeev, XVIII xyoo pua. Mammoth tuskws, Walrus pob zeb tig, nyem carving, xim kos duab

Caskets

Hau Pob. Tsis paub tus kws kos duab los ntawm tsev neeg Sheshenin (?). Moscow. Armory (?) Xyoo pua 17th Mammoth tusk. Openwork, nyem carving. Gim
Hau Pob. Tsis paub tus kws kos duab los ntawm tsev neeg Sheshenin (?). Moscow. Armory (?) Xyoo pua 17th Mammoth tusk. Openwork, nyem carving. Gim

Lub hleb yog sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov pob txha sib cais.

Casket-headrest xeev Arkhangelsk. XVIII xyoo pua Ntoo, tus ntoo loj loj, tus ntoo walrus, daim ntawv nyem carving, xim kos duab, tha xim
Casket-headrest xeev Arkhangelsk. XVIII xyoo pua Ntoo, tus ntoo loj loj, tus ntoo walrus, daim ntawv nyem carving, xim kos duab, tha xim
Casket-teremok Unknown carver. Moscow (uas?). 1718-1725. Mammoth tusk, hlau. Relief carving, engraving. 17x13x11, 5. State State Historical Museum
Casket-teremok Unknown carver. Moscow (uas?). 1718-1725. Mammoth tusk, hlau. Relief carving, engraving. 17x13x11, 5. State State Historical Museum
Rooj tshoob rooj tshoob-teremok Arkhangelsk xeev. 1780s Mammoth tuskws, walrus tuskab, whalebone, ntoo, mica, ntawv Openwork carving, xim engraving, tha xim. Gim
Rooj tshoob rooj tshoob-teremok Arkhangelsk xeev. 1780s Mammoth tuskws, walrus tuskab, whalebone, ntoo, mica, ntawv Openwork carving, xim engraving, tha xim. Gim
Casket-teremok kab tshoob Lavxias North. 1770-1780 xyoo. Ntoo, walrus tusk, ntaub, nyiaj, ntawv. Openwork, nyem, tig carving, engraving. Gim
Casket-teremok kab tshoob Lavxias North. 1770-1780 xyoo. Ntoo, walrus tusk, ntaub, nyiaj, ntawv. Openwork, nyem, tig carving, engraving. Gim
Cov thawv "Kev sim ntawm huab tais Solomon", "Cov neeg haus luam yeeb", "Box-shoe", "Box-egg". Qhov thib ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 18th Walrus tusk, Openwork, nyem carving, kos duab
Cov thawv "Kev sim ntawm huab tais Solomon", "Cov neeg haus luam yeeb", "Box-shoe", "Box-egg". Qhov thib ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 18th Walrus tusk, Openwork, nyem carving, kos duab

Cov khoom txee

Lawv zoo ib yam li tus tuav daim duab, muaj ntau lub tub rau khoom, tab sis tsis muaj lub rooj saum toj.

Cov khoom txee
Cov khoom txee
Desktop txee ser. XVIII xyoo
Desktop txee ser. XVIII xyoo
Rooj txee-podchanik VVIII xyoo pua walrus pob txha
Rooj txee-podchanik VVIII xyoo pua walrus pob txha
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Lig 18 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua puv 19

Thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th-19th, cov tswv thaum kawg nthuav tawm lawv txoj kev xav: cov khoom zoo nkauj txawv txawv, cov duab, cov ntawv sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog ntau daim duab tshwm los ntawm hauv qab lawv cov chisel.

Lub thawv rau xaws St. Petersburg (?). Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Walrus tusk, ntoo, ntaub, ntawv ci, hlau. Tig, openwork, nyem carving. Gim
Lub thawv rau xaws St. Petersburg (?). Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Walrus tusk, ntoo, ntaub, ntawv ci, hlau. Tig, openwork, nyem carving. Gim
Ink teeb nrog monograms "MZ" "YZ" St. Petersburg Lig 18th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua puv 19. Walrus tusk, ntoo, ntawv ci, ntawv. Tig, openwork, volumetric carving. Gim
Ink teeb nrog monograms "MZ" "YZ" St. Petersburg Lig 18th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua puv 19. Walrus tusk, ntoo, ntawv ci, ntawv. Tig, openwork, volumetric carving. Gim
Monument rau Minin thiab Pozharsky. Cov duab puab. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Korzhavin. Thaum pib xyoo pua puv 19
Monument rau Minin thiab Pozharsky. Cov duab puab. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Korzhavin. Thaum pib xyoo pua puv 19

XIX xyoo pua

Classicism, yam tshiab ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tuaj yeem tsis yog tab tom xav txog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kholmogory masters - lawv dhau los nruj dua thiab laconic hauv daim ntawv, thiab lawv cov khoom zoo nkauj - ntau yam me me. Nws yog thaum ntawd txoj haujlwm ntawm Kholmogory carvers pib hu ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Lub thawv ntim quav. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua puv 19. Kholmogory ntawm Arkhangelsk xeev. Pob txha, ntoo, ntawv. Carving, kos duab. Tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias
Lub thawv ntim quav. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua puv 19. Kholmogory ntawm Arkhangelsk xeev. Pob txha, ntoo, ntawv. Carving, kos duab. Tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias
Ntxuam. Qhov thib ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19
Ntxuam. Qhov thib ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19
Cov saw ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm St. Andrew Thawj-Hu. 21 openwork medallion. Arkhangelsk (yog?). 1819 (?) Walrus tusk Qhib Ua Haujlwm, nyem pob zeb, kos duab. Gim
Cov saw ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm St. Andrew Thawj-Hu. 21 openwork medallion. Arkhangelsk (yog?). 1819 (?) Walrus tusk Qhib Ua Haujlwm, nyem pob zeb, kos duab. Gim
Painting "Farewell to Emperor Alexander I" Arkhangelsk xeev Lub quarter thib ob ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 Walrus tusk, ntoo, ntawv ci, ntaub, ntawv, Embossed, openwork, tshuab dhos carving, engraving, tha xim. Gim
Painting "Farewell to Emperor Alexander I" Arkhangelsk xeev Lub quarter thib ob ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 Walrus tusk, ntoo, ntawv ci, ntaub, ntawv, Embossed, openwork, tshuab dhos carving, engraving, tha xim. Gim

Txawm hais tias tus tsim ntawm txhua qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb, kev ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua, feem ntau tseem tsis tau paub rau peb, keeb kwm tau khaws ntau lub npe.

Cov kwv tij Sheshenin

Hauv cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th hais txog Kholmogory carvers, nws tau sau tseg tias cov kws ua haujlwm hauv zos, cov kwv tij Sheshenin tau raug hu mus rau Moscow los ntawm tsar nws tus kheej los ua haujlwm hauv Armory. Lawv tau qhia kom rov kho lub pob zeb muaj koob muaj npe lub zwm txwv ntawm Ivan III, uas tau ua los ntawm cov kws txawj Greek nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Pomor cov kwv tij tsis poob siab, lawv tau daws txoj haujlwm - lawv rov ua lub zwm txwv. Koj tseem tuaj yeem saib lawv cov haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus - lub zwm txwv puag thaum ub no nyob hauv Armory Chamber ntawm Moscow Kremlin.

Pob txha lub zwm txwv. Armories
Pob txha lub zwm txwv. Armories

Sheshenins tseem ua haujlwm hauv lub peev, thiab lawv tau hwm nyob ntawd tias yog cov kws txiav pob txha zoo tshaj plaws.

Dudin Osip Khristoforovich

Yug los hauv lub xeev Arkhangelsk rau hauv tsev neeg yooj yooj yim, tam sim no muaj ob ntawm nws cov voj voos, ua hauv 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Ntawm lawv Dudin tau muab cov duab kos ntawm Lavxias tsars thiab cov thawj coj. Ib ntawm lawv, 1774 - 1775 rr., Tau khaws cia hauv Hermitage. Tsib caug-yim nyob ntawm nws qhov chaw tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo qhib hauv plaub kab! portraits (los ntawm Rurik rau Catherine II). Cov duab kuj tseem dai saum lub hau, uas yog cov duab ntawm cov cim ntawm lub zog - lub crown thiab orb. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub khob yog ua los ntawm qhov sib txawv xim tsaus nti.

Dudin UA Mug nrog 58 daim duab. 1774-1775. Carved bone State Hermitage
Dudin UA Mug nrog 58 daim duab. 1774-1775. Carved bone State Hermitage
Mug kaus ntxhw nrog cov duab kos ntawm Cov Neeg Siab Tshaj Plaws, nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj sacristy, Solovetsky Monastery, los ntawm tus tswv O. Dudin
Mug kaus ntxhw nrog cov duab kos ntawm Cov Neeg Siab Tshaj Plaws, nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj sacristy, Solovetsky Monastery, los ntawm tus tswv O. Dudin
Pob txha goblets nrog lub hau, Rhiav ntawm O. Kh. Dudin: Goblet nrog daim duab ntawm Empress Elizabeth St. Petersburg (?). 1759-1760 Mammoth tusk tig, nyem carving, kos duab; Khob nrog cov duab ntawm Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna thiab Empress Catherine II St. Petersburg. 1776 (?) Mammoth tusk tig, qhib ua haujlwm, volumetric, nyem carving, pleev xim. Gim
Pob txha goblets nrog lub hau, Rhiav ntawm O. Kh. Dudin: Goblet nrog daim duab ntawm Empress Elizabeth St. Petersburg (?). 1759-1760 Mammoth tusk tig, nyem carving, kos duab; Khob nrog cov duab ntawm Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna thiab Empress Catherine II St. Petersburg. 1776 (?) Mammoth tusk tig, qhib ua haujlwm, volumetric, nyem carving, pleev xim. Gim

Vereshchagin Nikolay Stepanovich yog ib tus kws tshaj lij

Ib tus kws tshaj lij nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo 18 - thaum ntxov xyoo 19th yog Nikolai Stepanovich Vereshchagin. Ob peb ntawm nws cov txuj ci tseem muaj sia nyob - cov vases zoo nkauj, uas tam sim no khaws cia hauv Hermitage.

Vereshchagin's rhiav, Vase "Seasons" Arkhangelsk, 1790s. Ivory (?), Ntoo, txhob lo lo ntxhuav tig, openwork, nyem carving
Vereshchagin's rhiav, Vase "Seasons" Arkhangelsk, 1790s. Ivory (?), Ntoo, txhob lo lo ntxhuav tig, openwork, nyem carving
Vereshchagin NWS Vase. 1798. Carved bone State Hermitage
Vereshchagin NWS Vase. 1798. Carved bone State Hermitage

Thiab qhov xaus - qee qhov ua haujlwm zoo ntawm Kholmogory tus kws tshaj lij niaj hnub:

Guryev Alexander Stepanovich Box-turnip. Xyoo 1978 Pob txha Openwork carving Vase "Curl". Xyoo 1980 Pob txha Openwork carving Lomonosov Tsev khaws puav pheej
Guryev Alexander Stepanovich Box-turnip. Xyoo 1978 Pob txha Openwork carving Vase "Curl". Xyoo 1980 Pob txha Openwork carving Lomonosov Tsev khaws puav pheej
Osipov Gennady Fedorovich, Honored Artist ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation1995 Mammoth Tusk. Openwork carving Box "Noog". 1995 Mammoth tusk Openwork, nyem, ntim ntau daim duab tso rau hauv lub thawv tso quav "Noog". 2001 Pob txha, walrus tusk. Openwork carving Riam "Fantasy". 2003 Lub cev. Openwork, nyem carving Norkin Valery Vladimirovich Riam rau txiav ntawv. 2002 Pob txha Openwork, nyem carving
Osipov Gennady Fedorovich, Honored Artist ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation1995 Mammoth Tusk. Openwork carving Box "Noog". 1995 Mammoth tusk Openwork, nyem, ntim ntau daim duab tso rau hauv lub thawv tso quav "Noog". 2001 Pob txha, walrus tusk. Openwork carving Riam "Fantasy". 2003 Lub cev. Openwork, nyem carving Norkin Valery Vladimirovich Riam rau txiav ntawv. 2002 Pob txha Openwork, nyem carving
Vitaly Prosvirin, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij ntawm Lavxias Federation Vase "Rowan". Xyoo 1982 Hniav ntawm cov phev whale Openwork, nyem carving Vase "Duck Hunter". Xyoo 1987 Hniav ntawm cov phev whale Openwork, nyem, volumetric carving Sculpture "Hunt for a Bear"
Vitaly Prosvirin, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij ntawm Lavxias Federation Vase "Rowan". Xyoo 1982 Hniav ntawm cov phev whale Openwork, nyem carving Vase "Duck Hunter". Xyoo 1987 Hniav ntawm cov phev whale Openwork, nyem, volumetric carving Sculpture "Hunt for a Bear"

Kev lag luam zoo yog ciaj sia!

Pom zoo:

Yuav ua li cas Lavxias MiGs tau ua nyob rau saum ntuj hla Kaus Lim Qab Teb, thiab Yuav ua li cas lawv tshem tawm cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm Asmeskas cov foob pob

Yuav ua li cas Lavxias MiGs tau ua nyob rau saum ntuj hla Kaus Lim Qab Teb, thiab Yuav ua li cas lawv tshem tawm cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm Asmeskas cov foob pob

Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 12, 10 xyoo ua ntej Gagarin ya dav hlau, cov kws tsav dav hlau tau hais kom ua peb zaug Hero ntawm Soviet Union Ivan Kozhedub tau tshem tawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov neeg tawg rog uas tsis tuaj yeem tua Asmeskas. Hnub ntawd, Lavxias aces, koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog B-29 "Superfortress" hauv Kauslim lub ntuj, ua rau muaj kev swb loj tshaj plaws ntawm Asmeskas lub dav hlau txij li Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm feeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv huab cua, txog li kaum ob lub dav hlau Asmeskas raug tua, thiab ntau pua tus neeg tsav dav hlau raug ntes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Soviet MiGs rov qab los yam tsis muaj hws

Yuav ua li cas lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim 400 xyoo ua ntej lub dav hlau mus rau hauv qhov chaw, lossis Cov Lus Qhia ntawm cov ntawv sau nruab nrab ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws kev tshawb fawb

Yuav ua li cas lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim 400 xyoo ua ntej lub dav hlau mus rau hauv qhov chaw, lossis Cov Lus Qhia ntawm cov ntawv sau nruab nrab ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws kev tshawb fawb

Tib neeg tseem nco txog lub sijhawm thaum ya mus rau lub hli tau txiav txim siab ib yam dab tsi los ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev npau suav. Cov npau suav zoo li no tau txiav txim siab, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov neeg vwm hauv nroog. Qhov phem tshaj, lawv raug hlawv ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg. Niaj hnub no, lub dav hlau tsis tsuas yog nquag "plow qhov nthuav dav ntawm peb Lub Ntiaj Teb", tab sis kuj tseem xa cov khoom thauj, cov neeg caij dav hlau thiab cov neeg ncig chaw mus rau lub ntiaj teb. Tsawg tus neeg paub tias txawm tias 400 xyoo ua ntej thawj tus txiv neej ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw, muaj ntau lub foob pob hluav taws twb tau tsim lawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov tsis paub

Yuav ua li cas cov lus dab neeg Pavlovo Posad shawls tau tshwm sim, thaum lawv tau hnav los ntawm cov txiv neej thiab cov neeg tsim qauv niaj hnub siv lawv li cas

Yuav ua li cas cov lus dab neeg Pavlovo Posad shawls tau tshwm sim, thaum lawv tau hnav los ntawm cov txiv neej thiab cov neeg tsim qauv niaj hnub siv lawv li cas

Ntau xyoo dhau los, kev hloov pauv zam, thiab cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj no tau hnav los ntawm cov poj niam Lavxias thiab tseem yuav hnav rau ob puas xyoo. Cov qauv tsim zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm Pavlovo Posad shawls tau txhim kho tas li, tab sis tib lub sijhawm cov qauv thiab kev coj ua los ntawm cov tswv qub tau ua tib zoo khaws cia. Cia peb plunge rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ci ntsa iab thiab muaj xim zoo nkauj

Dab tsi cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau hnav hauv Ancient Greece: Cov txuj ci zoo nkauj thiab tsis muaj txuj ci zoo ntawm lawv cov neeg tsim

Dab tsi cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau hnav hauv Ancient Greece: Cov txuj ci zoo nkauj thiab tsis muaj txuj ci zoo ntawm lawv cov neeg tsim

Txawm nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm, cov khoom ntawm tus tswv-cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm Ancient Greece ua rau lawv xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov kev zoo nkauj thiab kev txawj ntse. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub niaj hnub no tsis tso tseg kom qhuas cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub hauv kev ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Yam kev kho kom zoo nkauj twg yog qhov pov tseg ntawm cov poj niam Greek zoo nkauj thiab zoo siab rau lawv hauv Hellenistic era?

Dab tsi tshwm sim hauv chav da dej Lavxias: tus bannik ua dab tsi nrog snag, lawv tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej li cas los ntawm dab phem, thiab lwm yam tsis paub tseeb

Dab tsi tshwm sim hauv chav da dej Lavxias: tus bannik ua dab tsi nrog snag, lawv tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej li cas los ntawm dab phem, thiab lwm yam tsis paub tseeb

Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev da dej tas li tau mob siab rau. Nws tau siv tsis yog tsuas yog ntxuav thiab da dej hauv chav da dej, tab sis kuj tseem yog hom polyclinic - cov kws kho mob tau koom nrog kho qhov ntawd, kho mob khaub thuas, ua pob liab vog thiab raug tshem tawm, thiab lwm yam kab mob, thiab cov poj niam ua liaj ua teb yug me nyuam hauv chav da dej. Thaum ua kom sov lub tsev da dej, cov poj niam tau sib sau ua ke hauv nws thiaj li yuav tsum tau sib tw. Tab sis qhov chaw no ib txwm suav tias tsis huv, raws li cov neeg, dab tsis huv tau nkaum hauv nws. Yog li ntawd, chav da dej feem ntau siv rau ua si daim npav, qhia hmoov zoo, hu ua