Qub Lavxias heraldic pendant "swordsman" nrog cov duab ntawm trident ntawm Vladimir Svyatoslavich

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 2012, nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub zos Sednev (cheeb tsam Chernigov, Ukraine), tau txheeb xyuas nrog lub nroog Lavxias qub ntawm Snovsky, paub hauv keeb kwm los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th thiab nyob ntawm tus dej Snovo, txoj cai Cov ceg av qab teb ntawm Desna, tau pom ib qho qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lavxias teb sab.

Lub pendant no yog ua los ntawm cov nyiaj. Ntawm "A" sab muaj cov duab ntawm Vladimir Svyatoslavich lub trident (+ 1015). Cov duab zoo ib yam ntawm Vladimir tus trident tau sau tseg ntawm cov lus ceeb toom los ntawm Novgorod (Beletsky 2004: 255-256, No. 29), los ntawm Tsyblya ze Pereyaslavl South (Beletsky 2011: 44-45, daim duab 1; 2012: 447, 463, daim duab). 12), thiab tseem nyob ntawm ob lub pendants, tej zaum yog los ntawm Kiev (Beletsky 2004: 261, 262, 312, tsis yog. 35, 36).

Ntawm sab "B" muaj cov duab zoo ntawm hom V rab ntaj (Peterson …), cov hniav uas, raws li A. N. Kirpichnikov, xaus nrog "ya ya". Peb tuaj yeem pom qhov sib piv ntawm daim duab "ya xub" ntawm cov khoom ntoo zoo nkauj los ntawm Staraya Ladoga.

Cov lus saum toj ntawm Cov Qub Lavxias qub los ntawm "A" sab yog ua los ntawm tus tsiaj lub taub hau (hma, zaj?). Qhov kawg zoomorphic zoo sib xws tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntawm cov saw nyiaj los ntawm kev khaws cia ze ntawm Borisoglebsk Cathedral hauv Chernigov thaum xaus ntawm 12th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 13th thiab cov ntsiab lus qub ntoo khaub lig los ntawm National Museum ntawm Iceland.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab zoo ib yam ntawm "ya ya" ntawm lub pendant los ntawm Sednev yog ntawm ib ntawm peb lub tais nyiaj ntawm Gantedin ntawm Constantinople ua haujlwm los ntawm kev khaws nyiaj uas muaj kub thiab nyiaj kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub, tau pom hauv xyoo 1985 thaum lub sijhawm tshawb xyuas keeb kwm ntawm Detinets hauv Chernigov (qhov chaw cia - Ukraine, Chernigov, Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm, Koov. 239). Nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub tais, nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab piav qhia txog cov neeg ntseeg, muaj ntau daim duab kos, ntawm cov uas muaj cov duab zoo sib xws txhais hauv cov ntaub ntawv raws li cov duab ntawm noog, lub cev uas tau tsim los ntawm braid.

Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias lub pendant raug luam tawm yog qhov pov thawj ntawm tus neeg sawv cev rau kev txaus siab ntawm Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Raws li A. N. Kirpichnikov, lub pendant no tuaj yeem yog ntawm ib tus neeg ntaj Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Tus ntaj nyob rau tebchaws Russia puag thaum ub tau raug hu los ua tus ua haujlwm ntawm tus tub huabtais. Nws lub luag haujlwm, ib qho uas yog kev txiav txim plaub ntug, tau hais tawm hauv cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj ntawm Ancient Rus "Russia Pravda", tab sis tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog nws txoj haujlwm hauv kev txiav txim ntawm Ancient Rus hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb txog niaj hnub no.

Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Russkaya Pravda, tus ntaj tau muaj peev xwm los pab tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug tswj hwm kev ncaj ncees thiab ua ib qho kev rau txim hnyav tshaj raws li Russkaya Pravda - "ntws thiab plunder" (muab tus tub huab tais ua txhaum nrog nws tus poj niam thiab menyuam yaus, tuav txhua qhov kev nyiam ntawm tus tub huabtais, tsis them nyiaj rau kev puas tsuaj rau tog neeg raug mob, thiab rhuav tshem lub tsev). Txog kev tua neeg ntawm tus ntaj, tau txiav txim siab raug nplua rau - 40 hryvnia, thiab kev ntaus yeej raug nplua 12 hryvnia. Ntxiv nrog rau kev txiav txim plaub ntug thiab kev ua haujlwm, nws tau lav txog kev sau se. Qhov no tau qhia los ntawm kev tshawb pom los ntawm Novgorod ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Moscow. Thaum lub sijhawm khawb av hauv Novgorod, tau pom ob lub thooj voos kheej kheej ntoo nrog cov ntawv sau ua lag luam Cyrillic. Raws li V. L. Ioannina cov thooj voos kheej kheej tau siv hauv tsev neeg zoo li xauv tshwj xeeb ntawm lub hnab.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev sib tham ntawm kev pom yog dav heev - 973-1051. Cov cim tseem ceeb (hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov yooj yim trident) ntawm Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Yav Npav Npav ntawm Russia yav tom ntej, uas tau txiav txim siab hauv Novgorod hauv 970-980, pab qhia nws qhov tseem ceeb.

VL Yanin tuaj yeem rov kho cov ntawv ploj thiab hais qhia qhov kev nyeem cov ntawv sau ntawm lub tog raj kheej nrog kos npe ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Svyatoslavich: Mets'nits mech v quiet m (o) te (x) Paul (…) 'tvch ". "Mets'nits fur" - lub hnab ntawm tus ntaj, tus saib xyuas kev ncaj ncees los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb; (nyob ntsiag to m (o) te (x)) "(- hauv cov skeins, windings (los ntawm mot" skein "). Tom qab ntawd lub npe ntawm tus ntaj tau qhia, pom Polotvets. Lub tog raj kheej tau siv los xauv rau ntawm txoj hlua hnab nrog ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los npaj rau tus ntaj rau npe Polotvets.

Dhau 46 xyoo tom ntej ntawm kev tshawb pom, kaum ob qhov khoom sib xws tau pom ntau dua, ntawm qhov uas tau nqa cov ntawv sau rau ntawm lawv qhov chaw uas tau hais txog lawv tus tswv rau tus tub huabtais, lossis "emtsu", lossis "swordsman" (lub sijhawm tom kawg yog lub ntsiab lus rau tib "emts").

Qee tus tau kos nrog cov cim tseem ceeb, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm "tus neeg tua phom" lub kaus mom sab saum toj - ntaj (los ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm lub hwj chim los ntawm kev xaiv nom tswv). Lub tog raj kheej nrog hais txog "tus ntaj" hauv nws cov ntawv sau qhia txog "mech" (hnab) uas yog nws. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa ntawm peb yam khoom pom tom qab ntawd: lub luv (hla) cov channel hauv lawv tau ntim nrog cov ntoo, cov cork uas tsis tuaj yeem tshem tau, qhov kawg ntawm qhov uas tau txiav tawm nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tog raj kheej.

Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua cov ntsiab lus no tau hais meej lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom piav qhia. Cov thooj voos kheej kheej tau cim lub hnab khi nrog ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los, qhia tias lub hnab ntim rau ntawm tus tub huabtais (uas yog lub xeev) lossis rau tus neeg sau khoom nws tus kheej. Qhov kawg, raws li Russkaya Pravda, tau txais qee feem pua ntawm cov nyiaj uas nws tus kheej sau. Lub hnab tuaj yeem muaj furs lossis lwm yam muaj nuj nqis.

Tam sim no, muaj koob npe ntawm Lavxias qub pendants tau paub, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ob-kab lus lossis trident tau nrog cov duab uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm Rurikovich: "banner" (Beletsky 2004: 252, 313, 318 No. 40, 53), "horn" (Beletsky 2004: 252, 253, 318, No. 53), "rab ntaj-rauj" (Beletsky 2004: 258, 259, 310, No. 50: Beletsky, Tarlakovsky 2011: 104-105). Cov duab zoo sib xws tau pom, nrog rau ob lub hniav thiab trimesters ntawm Rurikovich, ntawm cov duab kos ntawm cov npib (Nakhapetyan, Fomin 1994: No. 74a, 259a; Dobrovolsky, Dubov, Kuzmenko 1991: 27, 69, 72, 78, 79, 105, 193, 229, 242, 245, 251, 313, 327, 354, 369, 382, 412, 416, 427,)

Raws li qhov tau hais dhau los, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias pendants nrog lub cim ntawm Rurikovich yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tib neeg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tub huabtais, thiab muab txoj cai los ua qee yam ua rau sawv cev lossis raws li kev lees paub ntawm tus tub huabtais.

Ib qhov chaw: Almanac Domongol, nre 3.

Cov ntawv nyeem.- EA Melnikova Scandinavian runic inscription // Moscow "Eastern Literature" RAS 2001 - VL Yanin "NTAWV YUAV TSUM TAU NTAWM NOVGOROD STATE" // BULLETIN NTAWM RUSSIAN ACADEMY NTAWM SCIENCES ntim 70, № 8, p. 675-68 (2000) - VL Yanin "Novgorod - qhib phau ntawv ntawm Lavxias Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog" // Xwm № 10, 2010 - AN Kirpichnikov, VD Sarabyanov Old Ladoga qub peev ntawm Russia // JSC "Slavia» SPb 1996 - Richard Hall Tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb ntawm Vikings // Thames & Hudson Ltd 2007- Los ntawm Viking mus rau cov neeg tawg rog // Nordic Council of Ministers thiab tus sau 1992