Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria: lub txhab nyiaj qub ntawm kev txawj ntse, raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ruam

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Ob txhiab xyoo dhau los, qhov chaw kawm ntawv thiab tshawb fawb loj tshaj plaws ntawm Ancient Ntiaj Teb ua haujlwm hauv Egypt. Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria tsom rau kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab ua qhov kev tshawb pom loj tshaj plaws uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Hmoov tsis zoo, tib neeg lawv tus kheej tau rhuav tshem lub monument zoo rau kev tshawb fawb los ntawm lawv tus kheej kev dag. Tam sim no keeb kwm tuaj yeem rov ua nws tus kheej dua.

Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria ntseeg tias tau tsim muaj nyob hauv 290s-280s. BC nyob hauv lub nroog qub thaum ub nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Africa. Nws thawj tus neeg txhawb nqa yog Egyptian vaj ntxwv Ptolemy I Soter, ib nrab-kwv tij ntawm Alexander the Great. Thaum nws kav, kev ntseeg, kev tshawb fawb, kev kawm thiab kab lis kev cai hu ua Museion ("tsev khaws puav pheej") tau tsim. Ib ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus yog lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo. Txhua qhov nyuaj tau mob siab rau muses, cuaj tus ntxhais ntawm Zeus thiab Mnemosyne, uas tau suav hais tias yog tus txhawb nqa ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv patronage ntawm cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Ptolemaic dynasty, Museion vam meej.

Cov kws tshawb fawb-kws tshawb fawb txog hnub qub, lub cev, zoology tas li nyob ntawm no. Cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Antiquity tau ua haujlwm thiab sim hauv Alexandria: Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Edesia, Pappus, Aristarchus ntawm Samos. Lawv tau nyob ntawm lawv qhov kev pov tseg tsis yog tsuas yog sau ntau phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv, tab sis tseem muaj kaum peb cov chav qhuab qhia, chav kawm, chav noj mov noj mov thiab lub vaj zoo nkauj. Lub tsev tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab lus Greek uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Nws nyob ntawm no uas Euclid tau tsim cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev ua lej thiab duab geometry, Archimedes tau los ua nto moo rau nws ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm hydraulic thiab tshuab, Heron tsim lub tshuab ua pa.

Tam sim no nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm kev sau ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria. Txog rau xyoo pua 4, feem ntau cov ntawv papyrus tau khaws cia ntawm no, tom qab ntawv phau ntawv tau pib muaj koob meej. Cov kws tshawb fawb kwv yees tias thaum lub sijhawm nws tsaus ntuj, lub tsev qiv ntawv tuav txog 700,000 phau ntawv sau.

Cov ntawv sau tau rov ua tiav los ntawm kev mob siab rau luam ntawm thawj cov ntawv sau, uas tau txais txhua qhov chaw uas ua tau. Muaj qhov ua yuam kev hauv kev theej tsis tau, tab sis cov tsev qiv ntawv pom txoj hauv kev nthuav tawm. Yog li, tus kws kho mob Loos, kws phais neeg thiab kws tshawb fawb Galen tau tshaj tawm tias txhua phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv rub tawm tau raug txeeb los ntawm txhua lub nkoj nkag mus rau Alexandria. Tom qab cov kws sau ntawv tau luam lawv, lawv tau muab rau tus tswv, thiab cov ntawv qub tseem nyob hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Alexandria.

Rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg muaj nyiaj nplua nuj thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, tau luam cov ntawv tseeb, uas tau coj cov nyiaj tau los ntau rau lub tsev qiv ntawv. Qee cov nyiaj no tau siv rau kev nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm lwm lub nroog. Lawv tau them nyiaj mus ncig, chaw nyob thiab txawm tias tau txais nyiaj pab txhawb lawv tsev neeg. Muaj nyiaj ntau "tig" ncig lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Galen sau hais tias Vaj Ntxwv Ptolemy III ib zaug nug cov neeg Athenians rau cov ntawv qub ntawm Euripides, Sophocles thiab Aeschylus. Lawv thov kom tso nyiaj 15 txuj ci (kwv yees li 400 kg kub). Ptolemy III tau pab txhawb rau cov neeg Athenians, cov ntawv theej los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thiab, raws li cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, cov Alexandrians tau xa rov qab rau lawv, tawm hauv qhov qub rau lawv tus kheej.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lawv cov ntawv thiab txhim kho cov xwm txheej, Athenian kws tshawb fawb nyob hauv Alexandria pib nrhiav qhov chaw zoo dua. Thiab hauv 145 BC. Ptolemy VIII, los ntawm nws txoj cai, tshem tawm txhua tus kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws los ntawm Alexandria.

Tom qab ntau pua xyoo ntawm txoj kev vam meej, Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria ntsib lub sijhawm nyuaj. Kwv yees li 48 BC. Julius Caesar ntes lub nroog thiab tua hluav taws rau cov yeeb ncuab nkoj hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj. Qhov hluav taws tau kis thiab ua rau cov tsev puas hauv chaw nres nkoj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv sau tau hlawv. Thaum ua tsov rog, cov neeg Iyiv tau poob rau kev vam khom ntawm Rome thiab txij lub sijhawm ntawd los ntawm kev poob ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv Alexandrian tau pib, vim cov neeg Loos nyiam siv nws rau lawv tus kheej xav tau. Kev puas tsuaj tom ntej tau tshwm sim hauv 273 AD, thaum lub sijhawm kev tawm tsam pab tub rog ntawm huab tais Aurelian tau txeeb lub nroog. Ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv cov khoom muaj nqis tau raug hlawv lossis plundered.

Tom qab lub tsev qiv ntawv raug rhuav tshem, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv "tus ntxhais lub tsev qiv ntawv" ntawm Lub Tuam Tsev Serapeum. Tab sis xyoo 391 AD kev pe hawm ntawm cov ntseeg vajtswv tsis raug cai, thiab yawg suab Theophilus kaw tag nrho cov tuam tsev ntawm Alexandria. Socrates piav qhia yuav ua li cas tag nrho cov tuam tsev pagan hauv nroog tau raug puas tsuaj, suav nrog Serapeum. Yog li xaus qhov keeb kwm muaj koob muaj npe 700 xyoo ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria, txog qhov uas tsawg heev tseem paub.

Ob txhiab xyoo tom qab, lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo tau rov tshwm sim. Xyoo 2002, Alexandrina tau qhib, uas tam sim no muaj 8 lab phau ntawv los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia loj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev nom tswv thiab kev ntseeg tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm qee ntu ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Arab lub tebchaws tau hem nws dua. Cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ua ke tiv thaiv lub tsev qiv ntawv los ntawm kev ntxeev siab. Lawv ntshai rov ua dua keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm thaum Cov pej xeem hauv chav da dej tau ua kom sov nrog cov ntawv thiab cov ntawv.