Qub Lavxias pectoral hla ntawm XI-XIII ib puas xyoo

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam ntoo khaub lig thaum ub tau tuav hauv ob txhais tes ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab hauv ntau yam kev sau, txheej txheej keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam nrog lawv yeej tsis tau kawm. Hauv qhov kev txheeb xyuas, peb yuav tham luv luv txog cov hom thiab hom qub Lavxias lub cev hla ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th-13th.

Tsis muaj kev ua tiav ntawm hom ua ntej Mongol lub cev hla ntawm 11th-13th xyoo pua. Ntxiv mus, txawm tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus meej ntawm kev faib khoom siv tsis tau tsim. Lub caij no, muaj ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm rau lub ncauj lus no. Lawv tuaj yeem raug faib ua ob pawg: tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov khoom mob siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm. Cov npe nrov ob-ntim ntawm kev sau ntawm B. I. thiab V. N. Khanenko, uas tau luam tawm hauv Kiev. Tam sim no, tom qab yuav luag ib puas xyoo, ntau phau ntawv teev npe ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug nrog ntu tshwj xeeb rau XI-XIII xyoo pua ntoo khaub lig tau luam tawm: ib tus tuaj yeem hais txog Millennium of Cross los ntawm A. K. Stanyukovich, "Catalog of Medieval Small Sculptures" los ntawm A. A. Chudnovets, kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev sau ntawm Vologda collector Surov, cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov qauv ntawm pre-Mongol cov hlau-yas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Odessa Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Numismatics. Nrog txhua qhov sib txawv hauv kev tshawb fawb zoo ntawm qhov kev piav qhia, cov ntawv tshaj tawm no tau koom ua ke los ntawm ib yam - qhov kev xaiv tsis raug ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom piav qhia thiab tsis muaj txoj cai kev faib tawm. Yog tias qhov thib ob cuam tshuam nrog cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb tsis tau tsim, tom qab ntawd thawj zaug tsuas yog ua tim khawv rau qhov tsis muaj qhov loj, cov neeg sawv cev sau uas tuaj yeem muab los ntawm lawv tus tswv rau kev tshaj tawm. Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Nechitailo "Catalog of Old Russian pectoral crosses ntawm X-XIII ib puas xyoo", uas tus kws sau ntawv sim, txawm hais tias tsis ua tiav, txhawm rau txhim kho txhua hom pre-Mongol pectoral crosses thiab cruciform appendages paub rau nws. Txoj haujlwm no raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov tsis meej meej meej thiab lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tus sau, leej twg yog vim li cas cais cov cruciform overlays thiab txawm tias cov nyees khawm raws li lub cev hla, thiab leej twg suav nrog tus lej dag nyob hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe. Nws cia siab tias phau ntawv teev npe ntawm kev sau cov ntoo khaub lig ntawm cov xyoo pua 11th-13th, uas tam sim no tau npaj rau kev tshaj tawm, yuav dhau los ua qhov tshwj xeeb. S. N. Kutasova - qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev sau ua ke muab cov kws sau ntawv muaj lub sijhawm zoo los tsim cov kab lus ntawm pre -Mongol pectoral crosses.

Cov khoom mob siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, thiab tib lub sijhawm tsis yog sau los ntawm qhov pom, los ntawm lawv qhov tsis tuaj yeem muaj lub tswv yim ua tiav ntawm hom ntoo khaub lig. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog lawv uas tsim lub hauv paus rau kev sib tham kom raug ntawm cov khoom thiab pab kom zam qhov xwm txheej xav paub thaum cov khoom ntawm xyoo pua 15th, thiab qee zaum ntawm 17th-18th caug xyoo, uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj txawm tias hla hla, tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv teev npe ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug raws li pre -Mongol hla (piv txwv li - nto moo Vologda tsab).

Thiab, txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj teeb meem tam sim no, peb tuaj yeem tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv dav dav qhia tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm pre-Mongol ntoo khaub lig uas paub tam sim no, hais txog ntau pawg loj ntawm cov khoom.

Pab pawg tsawg tshaj plaws suav nrog cov ntoo hla nrog cov duab. Yog tias nyob ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig thiab cov cim ruaj khov ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th -13th ntau yam ntawm cov duab yog dav heev - peb pom cov duab ntawm Yexus, Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, tus thawj tubtxib saum ntuj, cov ntseeg, qee zaum muaj ntau qhov kev xav pom - tom qab ntawd ntawm lub tsho khuam peb pom tsuas yog duab ntawm Tus Ntoo Khaub Lig, qee zaum nrog cov uas yuav los tom ntej. Tej zaum qhov kev zam tsuas yog ib pab pawg ntawm ob tog hla kev piav qhia txog cov neeg ntseeg hauv cov khoom plig. Kuj tseem muaj pab pawg me me ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig - hla los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke. Tam sim no, ntau qhov kaum hom sib txawv ntawm pre-Mongol hla nrog kev raug ntsia saum ntoo khaub lig tau tshaj tawm. (Daim duab 1) Nrog rau kev zam ntawm ob peb qhov yooj yim, cov hom no tau sawv cev los ntawm qhov tsawg me me ntawm cov qauv paub.

Qhov tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm "kev kawm" lub cev hla hauv Russia nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol yog lo lus nug xav tau kev piav qhia ntxiv. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Byzantium, los ntawm thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub mus rau Middle East, hla nrog cov duab - feem ntau yog Tus Ntoo Khaub Lig lossis Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Oranta - pom tsis muaj tsawg dua li cov ntoo ntoo zoo nkauj, hauv tebchaws Russia thaum lub sijhawm no peb pom tag nrho sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Lub cev hla nrog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, raws li peb paub, yog qhov tsawg heev hauv Russia. (Daim duab 2) Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib tus yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus lej ntawm lub cev lub cim thiab suav nrog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv thiab cov neeg ntseeg, nrog rau qhov tseeb tias ntawm cov hom ntoo khaub lig ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV lig. - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. crosses nrog figured dluab predominate.

Feem ntau ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig pre-Mongol lub cev tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj. Tsuas yog cov hlau lead me me hla kev sib tham txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th tuaj yeem raug cais ua yam tsis zoo nkauj, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los ntawm cov txuj ci thiab txuj ci yeeb yam. Kev faib cov ntoo hla ntoo tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Hom nrog "Scandinavian" thiab "Byzantine" ornaments sawv tawm feem ntau ib txwm los ntawm qhov ntau. Los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov khoom sab qaum teb, tsis pub ntau tshaj ob peb lub kaum os "Scandinavian hom" tuaj yeem sib txawv, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau nthuav dav heev. (Daim duab 3) Qhov xwm txheej nrog "Byzantine" cov paj ntoo yog qhov nyuaj dua. Ntawm ntau tus ntoo khaub lig, pib los ntawm thaj av Byzantine, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov khoom zoo nkauj uas muaj cov voj voos nias rau saum npoo. (Daim duab 4)

Muaj ntau yam kev piav qhia rau tus qauv no, nto moo tshaj plaws uas kub hnyiab mus rau qhov tseeb tias ua ntej peb yog ib qho piv txwv sawv cev ntawm tsib qhov txhab ntawm Khetos, uas tom qab ntawd dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev dai kom zoo, lossis nws yog lub cim tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv nws tus neeg hnav los ntawm "lub qhov muag phem". Ntawm Lavxias tus ntoo khaub lig, tshwj tsis yog ib qho, tab sis ntau pab pawg, xws li cov paj ntoo tsis tshua muaj, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav luag ib txwm adorns saum npoo ntawm cov neeg nyiam Slavic zoo nkauj qhia txog "lynx", nrog rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub., thiab tau pom ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm pab pawg loj ntawm cov nplhaib, kev cuam tshuam ntawm hom uas nyob ntawm ib feem ntawm Byzantine cov khoom ntawm tus kheej kev ntseeg zoo li tsis ntseeg. Yog li qhov kev kos npe no tuaj yeem hu ua "Byzantine" zoo dua qhov xwm txheej, txawm hais tias los ntawm qhov kev xav pom ntawm kev sib piv ntawm pab pawg qub Lavxias thiab Byzantine hla zoo li pom tseeb.

Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv dai kom zoo nkauj, yuav luag 90 feem pua, yog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm. Tab sis ua ntej ua tus yam ntxwv, koj yuav tsum tig koj lub ntsej muag mus rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig. Lub morphology ntawm qub Lavxias lub cev hla tau tawm tsam hauv nws ntau haiv neeg. Byzantium tsis paub ntau yam ntawm cov ntawv; kom deb li peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab, Europe nruab nrab tsis paub nws ib yam. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau haiv neeg no xav tau kev piav qhia keeb kwm. Tab sis ua ntej tham txog qhov no, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau piav qhia luv luv piav qhia cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "ceg" ntawm pre-Mongol lub cev hla. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yuav yog qhov cia siab tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv ncaj qha "ceg", zoo li peb pom hauv Byzantium. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb - daim ntawv ncaj -taw qhia yog qhov tsawg dua piv rau lwm cov ceg ntoo. Hla ntawm "hom Maltese", nrog "ceg" nthuav dav mus rau qhov taub, uas tau nrov heev hauv Byzantium, hauv Russia tsuas yog qee hom paub xwb, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg pom. Lub hauv paus loj yog ua los ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, cov ceg ntoo uas xaus nrog "criniform", uas yog, zoo li Lily xaus. Nws yuav tsis raug lees paub tias daim ntawv no ntawm "ceg" ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Lavxias. Daim ntawv no tseem pom nyob hauv Byzantium, tab sis nyob hauv qhov sib piv me me piv rau cov ntoo khaub lig sib npaug, thiab feem ntau yog hauv Balkans. (Daim duab 5)

Hais lus nruj me ntsis, nws tsis tuaj yeem sib cav tias "tawg" hom "ceg ntoo" ua tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th-13th nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv dawb huv. Qhov "zoo tagnrho" hom npog npog, tej zaum, tsis pub ntau tshaj li peb lub hlis twg ntawm txhua hom tsho khuam ntawm lub sijhawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm "crinkled" cov duab ntawm lub cev ntawm lub tsho khuam pre-Mongolian zoo li pom tseeb rau kuv. Ntxiv rau qhov "zoo tshaj" crinovype, peb pom cov ntawv hauv qab no ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm "ceg ntoo": peb lub ntsiab lus nyob hauv daim duab peb sab, daim duab peb sab, lub voj voog nrog peb lub ntsiab lus nyob sab nraud, hlaws nrog peb lub ntsiab lus lossis ib qho, thaum kawg, tsuas yog hlaws lossis lub voj voos. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, qhov sib npaug kawg ntawm "ceg ntoo" ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig tsis tuaj yeem txo qis rau ib qho criniform, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj tsim cov kab ntawv sib txawv, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov hloov pauv morphological uas tig lub crinovid mus rau ib puag ncig lossis hlaws.

Yog li, nthuav tawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm hom nkhaus ntawm "ceg ntoo" ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, peb tuaj yeem xav tias tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev dai ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, uas tsis tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm nws cov duab, yuav txiav txim siab los ntawm cov duab no. Qhov no, pom tseeb, piav qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub qub Lavxias lub cev hla.

Ib pawg tshwj xeeb thiab ntau heev yog tsim los ntawm qhov hu ua pendants-shaped pendants. Lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem tsis tau meej meej - lawv sib npaug muaj nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig Christian thiab cov neeg tsis ntseeg vajtswv. Qhov nyuaj hauv kev suav lawv rau cov ntsiab lus ntseeg tseem nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig tsis yog neeg txawv tebchaws rau kev teev ntuj. Thaum peb pom ovals cuam tshuam nrog tus yam ntxwv cruciform, plaub lub voj voos txuas nrog hauv tus yam ntxwv cruciform, rhombus nrog pob nyob rau thaum kawg, lossis lub ntsej muag nkhaus zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig zoo li, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais nrog qhov tseeb tias kev ntseeg Christian tau cuam tshuam li cas hauv kev sib xyaw, lossis seb nws yog kev ntseeg tsis ntseeg dab tsi. Raws li kev tshawb pom keeb kwm yav dhau los, nws tsuas tuaj yeem sib cav tias cov khoom no muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig ib yam li cov tsho khuam hla, uas muab qee qhov laj thawj rau kev txiav txim siab lawv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom ntawm tus kheej kev ntseeg, txawm tias qee qhov tshwj tseg. (Daim duab 6)

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev faib cov ntoo khaub lig sib dhos rau hauv "Christian" thiab "pagan" pawg (ob qho kev xaiv yog muaj raws li txoj cai) tuaj yeem muaj lossis tsis muaj ntau yam khoom zoo sib xws los ntawm Byzantine ib ncig. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm "hla-txuas" pendants, peb yuav tsum lees paub lawv kom ntau dua li cov khoom ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Christian ntau dua li cov neeg tsis ntseeg, vim tias muaj ntau qhov sib piv los ntawm tag nrho Byzantine ib ncig, thiab hauv Kherson hom no, kom deb li deb tau txiav txim, yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau hom ntoo khaub lig -telnikov. Tib lub sijhawm, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis pom tias ntawm pendants ntawm hom no, yuav luag txhua tus ntoo khaub lig suav nrog hauv lub voj voog tau nkhaus, lossis ze rau qhov xaus nkhaus. Yog li, txawm tias cuam tshuam nrog hom no, uas muaj ntau qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom siv Byzantine, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev ua tiav daim ntawv los ntawm Byzantium.

Ib qho piv txwv nthuav ntawm pagan-Christian synthesis tuaj yeem yog Laus Lavxias lunar amuletsuas suav nrog tus ntoo khaub lig. Paub txog ntau hom pre -Christian ntawm lunnits, nws tuaj yeem sib cav yam tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias tus ntoo khaub lig uas sawv ntawm qee hom linnits (txawm li cas los xij, tsis tshua muaj tsawg) yog lub ntsiab lus ntseeg dawb huv, thiab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim "kev ntseeg ob" uas yog, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov neeg tsis ntseeg thiab cov tswv yim ntseeg hauv ib tus qauv hauv ntiaj teb. Nws paub zoo tias "kev ntseeg ob" nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv qhov txwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg tau txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum lig dhau los, thiab kev ua neej nyob moonwalkers nrog tus ntoo khaub lig, uas yuav tsum tau suav nrog ob qho tib si hauv lub qhov txhab ntawm lub cev ua ntej Mongol lub cev hla, thiab cov neeg tsis ntseeg vajtswv - nws qhov tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws. (Daim duab 7)

Koj tuaj yeem nyeem ntxiv txog lunits thiab lwm yam Slavic amulets hauv kab lus " Qub Lavxias pendants thiab amulets ntawm 11th - 13th centuries ".

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog cov ntsiab lus piav qhia ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-tsho khuam kuv tau hais tseg, ntau pab pawg ntaus cim tuaj yeem ua qhov txawv, raws li cov khoom siv thiab txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tus ntoo khaub lig. Tus kws sau keeb kwm mob siab rau kawm txog "thawj qib" tsis tuaj yeem tab sis nug cov lus nug - puas muaj lub tsho khiab kub? Cov khoom zoo li no, tau kawg, muaj, tab sis, pom tseeb, tsuas yog siv hauv kev tswj hwm. Tsuas yog ob peb tus paub cov ntoo khaub lig kub hla los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntawm thaj chaw Byzantium, cov khoom no tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg pom. Cov tawv ntoo nplooj ntoo hla nrog cov pob zeb semiprecious tau pom ob qho tib si hauv Western kev lag luam qub thiab hauv cov ntawv ceeb toom keeb kwm, txawm li cas los xij, qhov hnyav tag nrho hla tus ntoo khaub lig yog qhov tsawg heev, thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob, nrog rau hauv Russia, lawv yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm antique lag luam.

Lub cev nyiaj hla ntawm xyoo pua 11th-13th sawv cev rau pawg me me ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov ntoo hla me me ntawm cov duab yooj yim, nrog "ceg ntoo" xaus rau hauv cov hlaws dai, thiab qhov loj loj hla nrog "Scandinavian" cov paj ntoo. Nyiaj hla ntawm cov duab txawv txawv tsis tshua muaj. Cov ntoo khaub lig faus ua los ntawm cov ntawv nyiaj tshwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, tab sis hauv kev coj ua lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg pom.

Ib pawg sib cais yog ua los ntawm pob zeb lub cev hla. Lawv txawv ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm daim ntawv, tsis muaj xov. Tsuas yog qee qhov lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj. Lawv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm slate, tsawg dua ntawm marble. Cov ntoo ntoo ntoo marble yog los ntawm keeb kwm Byzantine. Txawm hais tias lawv tsis muaj qhov tsis tshua pom tshwm sim - lawv feem ntau pom thaum khawb hauv thaj av Byzantine - qhov tseeb tsis muaj coob leej ntawm lawv, uas tau piav qhia yooj yim: lawv tsis tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas hlau, thiab tsuas yog muaj xwm txheej nrhiav.

Cov pab pawg ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig hla yog ntau heev. Tus qauv "Kiev" hom ntoo khaub lig ntoo yog ib yam uas feem ntau pom ua ntej hla tebchaws Mongol. Ntau yam subtypes nyob rau hauv hom dav ntawm qhov yooj yim txha hniav laus ntoo khaub lig yog loj heev. Ntxiv rau qhov kev faib tawm yooj yim heev rau hauv ob lub subtypes raws li tus lej ntawm cov pob uas "ceg ntoo" xaus, lawv sib txawv ntawm cov xim txha hniav laus, ntxiv rau hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm ob sab: yog tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig no ob tog, tom qab ntawv hla ib sab nrog lub ntsej muag thim rov qab tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau yam uas tsis tshua muaj, nrog rau tus ntoo khaub lig kos rau ntawm qhov rov qab los lossis nrog cov ntawv sau, feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem nyeem tau vim qhov ua tau zoo.

Ntxiv nrog rau hom txha hniav laus hla nrog nkhaus xaus ntawm "ceg ntoo", muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj "ncaj-xaus" yam, thiab hom nrog puag ncig ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov ceg ntoo. Lawv nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm pab pawg ntau yam ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig, lossis cov ntoo khaub lig pendants ntawm cov duab tsis txawv txav, uas tsis muaj qhov sib piv ntawm Byzantine lossis ntawm cov khoom Lavxias. Raws li qhov piv txwv, tsuas yog cov khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws saum ib pab pawg coob ntawm cov khawm loj ua ntej Mongol, kuj tseem dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov txha hniav laus, tuaj yeem hais tau. (Daim duab 8)

Ib pawg cais, ntau pawg me yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig dai kom zoo nkauj nrog niello. Tam sim no, peb paub tsis muaj ntau dua li kaum ob hom kev hla nrog niello, ib qho uas yog qhov sib xws, thaum seem yog qhov tsawg heev. (Daim duab 9)

Tig mus rau "txheej txheem" sab ntawm qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau qhov ntsiag to ob nqe lus nug uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau tus neeg, uas yog: qib tsis tshua pom tshwm ntawm cov khoom uas nws tig nws ntsia, thiab teeb meem ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom no. Feem ntau, thaum sib tham nrog ntau tus kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb, ib tus tau hnov qhov kev lees paub tias qhov no lossis qhov kev hla tebchaws Mongol ua ntej yog "tshwj xeeb". Lub caij no, tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev paub paub tias ntau tus ntoo khaub lig cim hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm nrog lub cim siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim feem ntau nyob hauv kaum ob daim ntawv theej. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm no, tau kawg, tsis yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg sib sau ntawm cov rooj tsis tshua muaj, tab sis qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom peb tab tom txiav txim siab. Nrog qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, txhua qhov kev hla lub cev tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem molding, uas qhia tau tias muaj ntau lub kaum tawm, thiab qee zaum ntau pua yam khoom zoo ib yam. Peb paub ntawm ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab, uas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, tau kawg, tuaj yeem ua rau qee yam tsis zoo, tab sis hom nws tus kheej, thiab txawm tias nws cov ntsiab lus me me, tseem nyob. Raws li qhov tuaj yeem txiav txim tau, tus ntoo khaub lig, tsawg kawg hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol, tsis tau yaj, yog li txhua qhov piv txwv uas tau poob rau hauv av tau tos kom pom. Hauv lwm lo lus, tus ntoo khaub lig tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb yog yuav luag tsis ntseeg. Qhov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem piav qhia yooj yim: Tsis zoo li Byzantium, qhov twg muaj cov chaw loj ntawm kev pov hwm loj, los ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig tau faib thoob plaws lub tebchaws, hauv tebchaws Russia kev cob qhia kev ua haujlwm tau tawg mus thoob plaws hauv lub xeev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev cob qhia hauv cheeb tsam no rau feem ntau tsis dhau mus rau thaj tsam me me thaum pib, thiab yog tias qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm yam tsis txawv txav ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig tseem tsis tau pom, nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tsawg heev, tab sis sai sai no raws li qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim khoom yuav raug tshawb pom, thiab kaum ob ntawm cov khoom zoo ib yam lossis zoo sib xws tau pub. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov tsis tshua muaj tooj liab tsho khuam hla yog ib txwm txheeb ze. Cov ntoo khaub lig nyiaj yog qhov tsis tshua pom kev, tab sis feem ntau vim yog lawv lub ntsej muag sab nrauv, qhov loj me thiab tsis muaj qhov nyiam nthuav tawm, lawv tsis nyiam cov neeg nyiam. Txog qhov tau hais, peb tsuas tuaj yeem ntxiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txawm hais tias tsis muaj txheeb ze ntxiv, tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm kev hla tus yam ntxwv txawv txawv, muaj cov qauv tsim tsis txawv txawv, thiab ntau dua li - ntau yam me me.

Tsis muaj teeb meem luv npaum li cas cov duab piav qhia ntawm kev hla ntawm cov tsho khuam ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol yog, nws ua ntej cov neeg nyeem xav paub ntau cov lus nug uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab tsis yog cov ncauj lus nqaim no, tab sis kuj keeb kwm ntawm Christianization ntawm Russia tag nrho. Ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tab sis xav tsis thoob qhov tseeb ntawm lub cim cim thiab cov kab mob cais ntawm Qub Lavxias lub tsho khuam-hla los ntawm cov qauv Byzantine. Lub Byzantine kev lig kev cai, tau tsim cov hom Lavxias hom kev hla kev sib sau ua ke, yeej tsis cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws. Nyuam qhuav pib, thaum qhov tsuas yog cov khoom siv yas-yas yog kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, nws tau ntseeg dav tias cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tsuas yog hnav los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb. Tam sim no, ua tsaug rau qhov pom pom ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv kev sib hais haum, kev tsis raug cai ntawm tsab ntawv no tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb. Peb tsis tham txog kev faib cov hom ntoo khaub lig - tsho khuam thiab cov khoom sib dhos - raws li "txoj cai qub txeeg qub teg", tab sis tsuas yog hais txog kev txheeb xyuas ob lub hauv paus sib txawv ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws ntoo khaub lig: ib yam yog tsom mus rau qhov piv txwv Byzantine, ntawm cov qauv txawv los ntawm " kab lis kev cai hauv nroog "(cov no yog cov ntoo khaub lig -sib sau ua ke), thaum lwm hom - uas yog, cov khaub ncaws me me - yuav luag tag nrho tsom mus rau lub nroog, Slavic kab lis kev cai.

Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Slavic yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev taw qhia ntawm paganism. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txhais tau tias yog kev sib cav ntawm kev teev ntuj thiab kev ntseeg Vajtswv, tsis yog qhov sib txawv: tus ntoo khaub lig ua lub cim ntawm kev koom nrog cov ntseeg hauv zej zog, raws li qhov khoom ntawm kev ntseeg tus kheej, tau dhau los ua neeg muaj lub siab nyiam nrog cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj. Cov khaub ncaws hnav tau txais lub ntsiab lus sib txawv dua li qhov nws muaj nyob hauv Byzantium - nrog rau Slavic lunettes, caj dab caj dab, diav amulets, tus yuam sij, lub khawm, nws tig mus rau hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ib tus neeg - nws tus tswv - nrog cov rog ntawm ntiaj teb sab nrauv. Thaj, lub cev hla tau tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm - nws tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej uas qhov kev tsim qauv zoo nkauj ntawm pre -Mongol ntoo khaub lig, uas tsis muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv Byzantine, pom ntau qhov sib npaug hauv kev tsim ntawm cov cim kos npe, uas tsis ntseeg tias muaj lub ntsiab lus tiv thaiv.

"Dual txoj kev ntseeg" raws li ib qho ntawm cov lus tseeb ntawm Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua tseem tsis tau kawm zoo vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej, thiab ntawm no Lavxias Lavxias-yas yas thaum ub tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev nyiam tshaj plaws thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub tshiab. Ib tus neeg uas tig nws lub ntsej muag los rau hauv nws tau ntsib nrog keeb kwm nws tus kheej hauv nws tseem tsis tau kov, tseem tsis tau paub lub ntsej muag, ua ntej nws yog qhov kev tshawb fawb, nplua nuj thiab nthuav, thiab yuav ua li cas yog tias tsis muaj lub siab xav tsis paub yog lub zog uas txav mus lub siab thiab ua rau lub siab nyiam ntawm kev mob siab rau nrhiav qhov tseeb?!