Cov cim Lavxias-pendants ntawm XI-XVI ib-paus xyoo. nrog rau daim duab ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Pawg II. Cov cim Lavxias-pendants ntawm XI-XVI ib-paus xyoo. nrog cov duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv (Cov duab IV-VI)

Ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm kev pleev xim duab thiab cov ntseeg hlau-yas ntawm Ancient Russia uas tau nqis los rau peb, qee qhov feem ntau yog ua haujlwm nrog duab ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv. Thawj lub cim nrog cov duab ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv, raws li cov lus dab neeg, tau tsim los ntawm tus thwj tim dawb huv thiab tshaj tawm Txoj Moo Zoo Lukas.

Ntawm lawv, Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau piav qhia nrog Christ Menyuam nyob hauv nws txhais tes, hnav lub tsho thiab lub maforium (daim ntaub thaiv). Daim duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv feem ntau piav qhia lub hauv siab lossis lub duav -tob, qee zaum nws tau pom sawv, qee zaum - zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv. Greek monograms feem ntau muab tso rau ntawm ob sab ntawm daim duab. "ΜΡ - ΘΥ" (Niam ntawm Vajtswv).

Hauv cov xyoo tom qab Kev Cai Raus Dej ntawm Russia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10, cov cim-pendants nrog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, zoo li cov cim nrog cov duab ntawm Khetos, pom meej theej cov Byzantine cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv XII caug xyoo. cov cim pendant tau tshwm sim, rov tsim dua hauv daim ntawv txo qis ntawm cov tuam tsev Lavxias tiag. Qee yam cim qhia ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv cov duab ua, zoo li nws tau ua, muab rau qee lub chaw, feem ntau hauv lub peev. Tshwj xeeb, ntawm cov monuments ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol, cov duab sib dhos ua lub cim nrog cov duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab ntawm Korsun lossis Petrovskaya yam feem ntau pom (Table V, 68-74). Nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm, lawv tau pom nyob hauv thaj tsam Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma thiab Yaroslavl, hauv qhov chaw faus neeg ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow, ntawm lub pas dej dawb, hauv Zhitomir thiab Lvov cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine thiab lwm qhov chaw. Lawv txhua tus tuaj ntawm ob qho pwm sib txawv los yog rov ua dua ntawm cov khoom uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov pwm no. M. V. Sedova txiav txim siab cov cim no los ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (Sedova MV, 1974, pp. 192–194), txawm hais tias pom pom cov cim zoo sib xws thoob plaws keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus.

Cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm cov cim pendant uas ua rau pab pawg II yog cov pab pawg tseem ceeb hauv qab no (Daim duab 2): II. A. Nrog rau daim duab tag nrho ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv Oranta Vlahernitissa; IB. Nrog lub ntsej muag tsoo ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Oranta; IB. Nrog daim duab ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Kos Npe; II. G. Nrog cov duab ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Hodegetria; II. D. Nrog rau daim duab ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv Tenderness; II. E. Nrog cov duab ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Agiosoritissa; II. J. Nrog daim duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm lub zwm txwv.

Subgroup II UA Cov cim loj hauv lub neej ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Oranta Vlahernitisa

Ib qho ntawm cov cim qub tshaj plaws ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv yog Niam ntawm Vajtswv Oranta (los ntawm Latin orans - thov Vajtswv). Niam ntawm Vajtswv Oranta tau piav qhia yam tsis muaj Tus Menyuam, hauv kev loj hlob tag nrho, nrog nws txhais tes tsa hauv kev thov Vajtswv. Muaj lwm lub npe rau hom cim no: Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Blachernitissa - raws li daim duab ntawm lub thaj ntawm lub tuam tsev Blachernae hauv Constantinople; Niam ntawm Vajtswv Unbreakable Phab Ntsa - raws li lus dab neeg, Blakherna Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj nto moo tau raug rhuav tshem ib zaug, tab sis ib qho ntawm nws phab ntsa nrog daim duab puv ntoob ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Oranta muaj txoj sia nyob. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov duab Lavxias ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv Oranta Vlakhernitissa pom nyob rau ntawm cov mosaic ntawm St. (Lazarev V. N., 1973).

Cov Catalog muaj tsib daim ntawv theej ntawm cov cim ntxiv uas yog koom nrog pab pawg no (Table IV, 37-41). Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov duab plaub (hom 3), pom ntawm keeb kwm thaj chaw ntawm Kievan Rus thiab hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol. Raws li Yu. E. Zharnov (2000, p.191), cov qauv ntawm lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Lavxias lub tsev teev ntuj hierarchs ntawm lig lig 12 - thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ncaj qha qiv cov phiaj ncaj qha los ntawm cov khoom pov thawj ntawm monumental los yog tempera painting.

Subgroup II IB Icons nrog cov duab tsoo ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Oranta

Hauv kev ua yeeb yam yas thaum ub, cov duab hauv siab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Oranta kuj tseem paub los ntawm lub hauv siab (Daim duab 5, 2). Cov Catalog muaj peb daim ntawv theej ntawm cov cim txuas ntxiv uas yog koom nrog pab pawg no (Table IV, 42–44). Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog cov duab puag ncig thiab hnub rov qab mus rau 12th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Subgroup II IB Icons depicting Our Lady of the Sign

Cov cim iconographic ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Kos Npe yog lub pob tw lossis lub duav version ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Great Panagia (kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cim ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Oranta Vlahernitissa), tus yam ntxwv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm lub mis ntawm nkauj xwb foom koob hmoov rau Khetos Tus Menyuam hauv ib puag ncig puag ncig (Daim duab 5, 3). XI-XII ib. Hom kev cim no tau nthuav dav nyob hauv ob qho Byzantine thiab qub Lavxias kos duab, tab sis nws lub npe yog los ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias thiab, tej zaum, cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv ntawm Phau Qub Phau qub los yav tom ntej ntawm Yaxayas: (Yaxayas 7:14).

Ntawm cov cim tus cwj pwm nrog lub cim no hauv tebchaws Russia, lub cim nqa tau ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo. "Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Kos Npe ntawm Novgorod" (kev ua koob tsheej thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 27 / Kaum Ob Hlis 10), uas nyob rau xyoo 1169/1170 tau muab kev pab txuj ci tseem ceeb rau Novgorodians thaum lub nroog raug kaw los ntawm Suzdal pab tub rog. Lwm qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub npe hom cim no yog txuas nrog cov txuj ci tseem ceeb uas tau muab los ntawm lub cim rau Novgorodians thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog lub cim Novgorod thiab nws cov lus rov hais dua uas raug xa mus ua "Kos Npe ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb Huv Tshaj Plaws" hauv Novgorod cov peev txheej pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th.

Cov cim-pendants ntawm pab pawg no, nthuav tawm hauv Catalog (Table IV, 45-56), muaj cov duab me me thiab ib nrab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv nrog thov Vajtswv tsa tes thiab duab ntawm Me Nyuam Yaj Christ ntawm nws lub hauv siab. Cov cim yog puag ncig, oval thiab duab plaub nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm los ntawm XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. txog thaum thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th. Feem coob ntawm cov cim tshaj tawm tau pom nyob hauv keeb kwm thaj chaw ntawm Kievan Rus.

Subgroup II. D. Cov duab piav qhia Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Hodegetria

Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv Hodegetria (Greek. Taw Qhia Txoj Kev, Phau Ntawv Qhia) yog ib hom duab uas pom ntau tshaj ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv nrog Tus Me Nyuam. Tus Me Nyuam Yaj Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej zaum ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv txhais tes, nrog rau lwm qhov Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv taw tes rau Leej Tub, yog li qhia ncaj qha rau cov neeg uas sawv thiab thov Vajtswv. Tus Me Nyuam Me Divine foom koob hmoov nrog nws sab tes xis, thiab tuav tus ntawv hauv nws txhais tes laug (tsawg dua phau ntawv). Tus Niam ntawm Vajtswv, raws li txoj cai, tau nthuav tawm hauv ib nrab-qhov ntev duab, tab sis luv luv lub xub pwg xaiv lossis cov duab puv ntev kuj tseem paub.

Raws li cov lus dab neeg, thawj lub cim ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Hodegetria (Blachernae Icon), pleev xim los ntawm Evangelist Lukas, tau coj tuaj rau Byzantium los ntawm Thaj Av Dawb Huv nyob ib puag ncig nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 5. thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tuam tsev Blachernae hauv Constantinople (raws li lwm qhov chaw - hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Odigon monastery, los ntawm qhov uas, raws li ib qho version, lub npe los ntawm). Lub cim tau dhau los ua tus saib xyuas ntawm Constantinople.

Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv Lavxias nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Hodegetria yog Niam ntawm Vajtswv Hodegetria ntawm Smolenskaya (ua kev zoo siab thaum Lub Xya Hli 28 / Lub Yim Hli 10). Raws li cov lus dab neeg, lub cim qub tshaj plaws ntawm Hodegetria tau coj tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Byzantium hauv xyoo pua 11th. thiab twb tau nyob hauv XII caug xyoo. nyob hauv Assumption Cathedral hauv nroog Smolensk. Tus Me Nyuam Me Me Christ tau piav qhia rau nws zaum ntawm sab laug ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv, ntsib cov neeg pe hawm thiab zoo li tus neeg laus laus, tus kav tshaj li menyuam yaus (Daim duab 5, 4). Qhov kev xav no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm lub hauv pliaj siab thiab lub ntsej muag luag nyav uas Khetos foom koob hmoov rau tus uas sawv ntawm lub xub ntiag. Nyob hauv nws sab tes laug, Tus Me Nyuam Yau Divine tuav phau ntawv ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum.

Tom qab kev koom nrog Smolensk mus rau lub xeev Moscow hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 16th. cov cim ntawm Smolensk Hodigitria hom tau nthuav dav hauv lub npe "Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Smolensk". Lub npe no hla mus rau ntau cov duab qub. Hom Hodegetria kuj suav nrog xws li cov neeg hwm Vajtswv ntawm Niam raws li Tikhvin, Kazan, Georgian, Iverskaya, Pimenovskaya, Czestochowa, thiab lwm yam.

Cov cim pendant ntawm pab pawg no, nthuav tawm hauv Catalog (Table V, 57-63), muaj cov duab puag ncig thiab cov duab plaub, xa mus rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol thiab pom feem ntau hauv keeb kwm thaj chaw ntawm Kievan Rus.

Subgroups II. D1, II. D3. Icons piav txog Niam ntawm Vajtswv Txoj Kev Nyuaj Siab

Qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cim ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv nrog Tus Me Nyuam, hu ua Eleusa (Merciful, Tenderness), tau pib hauv Byzantine kos duab ntawm xyoo pua 10 - 12th. Cov phiaj xwm cim cim suav nrog ob daim duab - Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv thiab Me Nyuam Yaj Khetos, sib koom ua ke nrog lawv lub ntsej muag. Leej Niam lub taub hau tau ntxeev siab rau Leej Tub, uas khawm Niam nrog nws txhais tes tom qab lub caj dab.

Hauv tebchaws Russia, ib lub npe nto moo tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev hwm nrog lub cim ntawm Tenderness yog lub cim Byzantine, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. xa mus rau Kiev los ntawm yawg suab ntawm Constantinople thiab nyob rau xyoo 1155 hloov los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey Bogolyubsky mus rau Assumption Cathedral hauv nroog Vladimir (Daim duab 5, 5). Lub cim tau paub nyob hauv lub npe ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Vladimir (kev ua koob tsheej thaum lub Tsib Hlis 21 / Lub Rau Hli 3; Lub Rau Hli 23 / Lub Xya Hli 6; Lub Yim Hli 26 / Cuaj Hlis 8). Xyoo 1395, lub cim xaus rau hauv Moscow, qhov twg tau ntau pua xyoo nws nyob hauv Assumption Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin (tam sim no nyob hauv kev sau ntawm Xeev Tretyakov Gallery). Cov npe ntawm Vladimir icon tau nthuav dav dav hauv Russia thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig raws li lwm cov qauv (Niam ntawm Vajtswv Belozerskaya, Niam ntawm Vajtswv Fedorovskaya, thiab lwm yam).

Cov cim pendant ntawm pab pawg no, nthuav tawm hauv Catalog (Table V, 64-74; VI, 75-78), yog puag ncig), duab plaub thiab lub cim, hais txog XII - XIII ib puas xyoo. thiab tau pom nyob hauv keeb kwm thaj tsam ntawm ob qho tib si Kiev thiab Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.

Subgroup II. E. Icons depicting Our Lady of Agiosoritissa

Hom cim ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv Agiosoritissa (Tus Pabcuam) los ntawm lub cim ntawm xyoo 6-7, uas nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Chalcoprate tuam tsev hauv Constantinople, qhov uas siv Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv los kuj tseem raug khaws cia. Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau piav qhia tag nrho, tig mus rau sab xis (tsawg dua rau sab laug), hauv kev thov Vajtswv, nrog nws txhais tes tsa tes pem hauv ntej ntawm nws lub hauv siab (Daim duab 5, 6), zoo li hauv daim duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Deesis muaj pes tsawg leeg. Paub iconographic version, qhov uas Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau nthuav tawm nrog cov ntawv nthuav tawm nrog cov ntawv thov Vajtswv. Rau nws, tshwj xeeb, yog tus qub Lavxias cim ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Bogolyubskaya (XII xyoo pua). Ntawm pectoral crosses, daim duab ntawm Agiosoritissa yog feem ntau tag nrho-ntev, ntawm lwm yam haujlwm ntawm cov yas me me, ib nrab-ntev cov duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv Agiosoritissa feem ntau pom. Tsuas yog lub cim -pendant ntawm pab pawg no, nthuav tawm hauv Catalog (Table VI, 79) thiab pom hauv thaj tsam Bryansk, muaj cov duab puag ncig thiab hnub tim los ntawm ib nrab ntawm XII - thawj xyoo caum ntawm XIII xyoo pua.

Subgroup II. G. Cov cim qhia txog Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm lub zwm txwv

Cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv (lub zwm txwv) thiab tuav Tus Me Nyuam Vajtswv ntawm nws lub hauv caug, yog ntawm cov cim ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, nyob rau hauv uas cov duab qhia lub tswv yim yog ua raws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov piv txwv nrog niam ntawm Vajtswv yog hu ua akathist thiab lwm yam kev ua nkauj qhuas Vajtswv. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm hom cim cim yog qhuas tus niam ntawm Vajtswv ua poj huab tais saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, txij li lub zwm txwv ua piv txwv txog lub koob meej. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no uas cov duab no tau tshwm sim hauv Byzantine iconography thiab kis mus rau Russia (Daim duab 5, 7).

Cov cim ntawm pawg pab pawg no nthuav tawm hauv Catalog (Table VI, 80-82) tau pom nyob hauv thaj tsam Ryazan thiab Kursk ntawm Russia thiab thaj tsam Volyn ntawm Ukraine, muaj cov duab plaub thiab cov duab zoo nkauj thiab hnub tim los ntawm 12th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub 13th xyoo pua.

Tsis ntev los no, pendant amulets hauv daim duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm lub zwm txwv kuj tau paub (Daim duab 15, 1, 2). Lawv pom tsis tshua muaj, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv tau ua hauv keeb kwm thaj chaw ntawm Kievan Rus. Lawv tsis suav nrog hauv tsab ntawv no.

Los ntawm tus editor.

Cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm cov cim pendant ntawm Russia ntawm 11th - 16th xyoo pua. muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cim cim nrog cov duab ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Lavxias pectoral crosses ntawm tib lub sijhawm, uas tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm kab ntawv no:

-Cov cim Lavxias-pendants ntawm XI-XVI ib-paus xyoo.nrog daim duab ntawm Khetos - Icons Icons -litics ntawm thaj chaw ntawm USSR thiab Russia - Tsis tshua muaj pectoral crosses ntawm 15th - 16th caug xyoo. nrog rau daim duab ntawm Yexus Khetos thiab xaiv cov neeg ntseeg - Lub caj dab zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm 15th - 16th caug xyoo nrog cov duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, Yexus Khetos thiab xaiv cov neeg ntseeg - Qub Lavxias caj dab hla ntawm 11th -13th centuries