Dab tsi yog cov poj niam Lavxias niaj hnub lub kaus mom nrog cassocks thiab kolts?

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ancient Izyaslavl (kev sib hais ze lub zos Gorodishche, Shepetovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Khmelnitsky cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine), ntau qhov keeb kwm tshwj xeeb pom tau ua - ob qho tib si cov khoom thiab tag nrho cov khoom sib txawv. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, peb pom qhov kev txiav ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob Russia hauv ob nrab ntawm XII - thawj ib nrab ntawm XIII ib puas xyoo.

Ntawm cov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw no, feem ntau pom tau yog cov nplhaib uas muaj lub ntsej muag zoo li khoov hauv ib thiab ib nrab. Ib nrab ntawm txoj kev txiav txim siab hauv kab lus tsuas muaj cov khoom no. Muaj nyiaj ntau kolts thiab peb-hlaws tsej lossis lub nplhaib tuam tsev … Feem ntau ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub pom zoo li tau tsim hauv zos.

Kev tsim cov kolts hauv ib cheeb tsam tau ua pov thawj los ntawm ob qho tib si lawv cov qauv txheej txheem thiab pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ntau yam cuab yeej cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, suav nrog cov hlau matrix rau embossing daim ntaub thaiv ntawm cov khoom zoo li no.

Cov khoom ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws zoo ib yam, feem ntau yuav yog cov khoom nthuav tawm hauv cov khoom muaj nqis 5, pom nyob rau xyoo 1958 ze ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm kev sib hais haum. Nws suav nrog ib lub nyiaj kolt nrog cov ciam teb qhib thiab cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov noog thiab cov nyiaj thaiv los ntawm ntau lub cassocks. Lawv pom 32 qhov nruab nrab thiab plaub daim duab peb sab kawg los ntawm cassocks, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab xev, ob ntawm lawv nrog xauv lub nplhaib. Tsis tas li ntawd, 2 lub ntsej muag peb-hlaws qhwv ntsej tsis yog los ntawm tib txoj kev. Anna Anisimovna tau hais tawm cov lus pom zoo tias hauv qhov no, peb lub nplhaib hlaws, uas hloov cov kolts uas ploj lawm (lossis kolts), kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub uas txuas nrog lub pluaj. Qhov kev xav no coj peb los ze rau cov lus nug ntawm ntau yam kev xaiv cov khoom qub Lavxias nrog cov khaub ncaws, kev sib pauv ntawm ntau hom khoom lag luam hauv cov txheej txheem tsim nyog ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom qub hauv tebchaws Russia, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau txawv, uas muaj kolts thiab cassocks. Peb yuav sim ua kom pom qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Paub, ntawm chav kawm, yog pom ntawm kolts tsis muaj cassocks. Cov khaub ncaws yuav tsis muaj txoj sia nyob, tab sis nws zoo li muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los dai cov kolts. Ib qho ntxiv, muaj cov khoom muaj nqis uas pom cov khaub ncaws, tab sis tsis muaj kolts.

Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov teeb meem no tsis muaj cov teeb tsa ua tiav, tab sis nws tuaj yeem xav tias qee qhov lwm yam kev dai kom zoo nkauj tau txuas nrog lub cassocks. Hauv qhov no, nws zoo li cov hlaws dai yog cov pendant zoo nkauj.

Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej kuv xav nyob luv luv ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, cov hlau pendants uas txuas nrog lub taub hau lossis lub taub hau thiab siv rau dai kolts lossis ua lub taub hau ywj pheej pendants feem ntau hu ua khaub ncaws. Hauv kev sau kab ke, muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis "cassock" / "cassock".

Lub npe no twb tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias sau ntawv los ntawm XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. V. Dahl phau ntawv txhais lus muab txhais ntxaws ntxaws ntawm lo lus "cassock". Raws li phau ntawv txhais lus no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog - raug ncua, low, plentiful pawg. I. I. Sreznevsky paub lo lus no hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "fringe". Nws hais los ntawm Kozma Indikoplov thiab Georgy Amartol. Hauv thawj kis, qhov kev piav qhia yog ntxaws ntxiv: "lub tsho tau xaws rau ntawm thiab ntawm lawv cov kub klakolta". Nws yog qhov nthuav uas, raws li M. Vasmer, lo lus "ryasno - hniav nyiaj hniav kub, saw caj dab" yog muab los ntawm lo lus "cassock".

Nyob rau hauv XV-XVI centuries. cov khaub ncaws raug hu ua pendants ua los ntawm cov hlaws thiab cov pob zeb muaj nqis. Lub taub hau uas muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws tau khaws cia rau hauv cov khoom muaj koob muaj npe:.

Raws li rau cov kolts, lawv ("kolts") tau hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog ntoo ntoo ntoo ntawm xyoo pua 12th; tom qab, nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, lo lus no tau siv los hais txog pob ntseg pob ntseg. Hauv lus Polish, lo lus kołtka, zoo ib yam li qub Lavxias, kuj tseem muaj txoj sia nyob.

Qub Lavxias headdresses nrog kolts thiab cassocks hnub rov qab tsuas yog rau 12th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj no, feem ntau yuav tau txiav txim siab raws nraim li lub taub hau taub hau thiab tau ua nyob rau hauv ib yam. Rau cov neeg Lavxias qub nyiaj thiab kub kolts, hom tshwj xeeb ntawm pendant-cassock tau tsim. Txhua hom cassocks yog tsim los ntawm kev sau ntawm tus kheej plaques. Zoo li cov phaj ntawm diadems, cov plaques ntawm cassock feem ntau yog ob npaug, sab nrauv qee zaum muaj lub ntsej muag, sab nraub qaum yog du.

Txog rau hnub tim, tau pom ob peb kolts thiab cassocks, txuas ua ke nrog cov saw lossis cov nplhaib. Hauv qee kis, cov qauv no tau ntxiv nrog cov xov, textiles, thiab tawv. Tab sis, hmoov tsis zoo, kev pom zoo li no tsis muaj ntau, thiab txog tam sim no tsuas pom muaj cov khaub ncaws zoo ib yam - ua los ntawm cov nplaim paj. Hauv cov xwm txheej qhov chaw khaws khoom muaj ntau lub kolts, thaum tsis muaj cov ciaj sia uas muaj sia nyob, peb tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias lawv tau txuas nrog lub cassocks li cas, thiab ua li cas qhov kev sib dhos no tau ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, ntau qhov kev xaiv kho dua tshiab pom hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog qhov xav tau ntau thiab raws li lub tswv yim ib txwm hais tias cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub no yuav tsum hnav ua ke.

Nws ntseeg tias kub kolts nrog txha hniav laus tau txuas nrog cov nyiaj kub, ua los ntawm cov kab los yog cov duab plaub fab uas muaj duab plaub, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm cov noog thiab paj los yog cov duab paj ntoo. Ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov khaub ncaws zoo li no, raws li txoj cai, txoj hlua ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo li lub nplhaib nrog lub xauv tau txuas, ntawm lwm qhov - ib txoj saw. Lub nplhaib ntiv tes kos npe yog ib feem ntawm pob khawm ntawm cov quav hniav txuas thiab tau tsim ua ke nrog pob khawm.

Thaum xub thawj, tom qab pom thawj zaug, lub hom phiaj ntawm hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub no tsis meej kiag li, tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib suav tias yog cov saw caj dab. Muaj cov neeg ua pov thawj hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais tias qee qhov ntawm lawv tau pom hauv cov khoom sib txuas ua ke ua khub. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke zoo ib yam, nco txog lub saw caj dab ua los ntawm cov plaques puag ncig thiab cov saw, tau nthuav tawm hauv Kiev cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm xyoo 1887, pom hauv laj kab ntawm Mikhailovsky Monastery. Cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm cov plaques quadrifolium hauv Sakhnov cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm xyoo 1900 kuj tau txuas nrog ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws. Twb tau nyob hauv thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov khoom no, peb pom kev tsim ntawm ob plaques qis nrog cov hniav txha hniav laus, sib koom ua ke. Nrog rau kev siv no, cov quav hniav tuaj yeem nyob ntawm lub hauv siab thiab nyob tom qab ntawm lub caj dab, thiab cov saw tau nyob ntawm lub xub pwg.

Pom cov saw nrog cov plaques yam tsis muaj cov pleev xim zoo nkauj ua rau lub tswv yim tias qee yam ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem siv tau ua cov khoom zoo nkauj mis. Yog li, los ntawm Staroryazan khaws cia ntawm xyoo 1868, muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj uas muaj ob qho kev sau (7 thiab 10 daim ntawv txhua) ntawm cov nyiaj npib nyiaj npib embossed plaques ntawm cov duab quadrifole, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab vam meej ntoo khaub lig … Cov plaques tau txuas rau ib leeg siv hinges. Cov plaques sab nraud tsuas muaj cov loops; cov plaques sib txuas ua ke los ntawm ob txoj hlua. Qawm qho ploj lawm. Ib tus tau txais qhov kev xav tias peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog saw caj dab hauv nws daim ntawv qub. Hauv qhov no, nws yuav yog qhov laj thawj los tso cov plaques tsawg dua hauv cheeb tsam ncauj tsev menyuam, thiab ntau ntxiv rau ntawm lub hauv siab. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias "ob npaug" (txuas ua khub) kuj tseem yog khaub ncaws ntawm ntau hom - nyiaj los ntawm khau khau. Ib qho kev sib xyaw zoo sib xws tau paub los ntawm Terekhovsky khaws tseg ntawm 1876.

GF Korzukhina qeb duas saw nrog cov duab txha hniav laus zoo li kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub mis. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tau sau tseg tias txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov nyob ib puag ncig ntawm kaum plaques hauv cov khaub ncaws kub, ib txwm muaj pob khawm ob npaug ntawm daim ntawv thib tsib thiab thib rau, uas tus kws tshawb fawb cuam tshuam nrog tsim cov caj dab.

Tam sim no, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev rov tsim kho txoj hauv kev los hnav cov khoom no raws li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub rau txuas cov kolts. Hauv kev rov tsim kho dua tshiab los ntawm BA. Rybakov, cov khaub ncaws raug tsau rau sab saud ntawm lub taub hau siab ntawm hom kokoshnik, thiab cov kolts raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov saw hlau ntawm cov khaub ncaws dai ntawm lub hauv siab ntawm qib caj dab. TI Makarova ntseeg tias lub tsho tau muab tais ib nrab. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas muaj ob lub pob khawm nyob, lub kolt tau raug tshem tawm, thiab cov qauv tau txuas rau lub taub hau nrog qawm qho thiab saw hlau. Hauv cov ntawv no, cov khaub ncaws ua luv dua thiab ntau dua, thiab qee cov duab ntawm cov noog tsis tig rov qab, vim tias lawv yuav tau yog tias lub tsho tau siv los nthuav tawm raws li qhov kev xav ntawm BA Rybakov. Txawm li cas los xij, T. I. Makarova tsis yog pawg, nws tau sau tseg tias. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab quav hauv nruab nrab ua rau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg siab koom nrog lawv nrog kolts.

N. V. Zhilina kuj tseem muaj nws cov kev xaiv rau kev rov tsim kho lub taub hau nrog lub tsho. Tus kws tshawb fawb hu hom adornment no "ryasna-chains" thiab yog lub tswv yim tias cov uas qis dua yog ob npaug thiab tau txais kev pabcuam rau kolts.

Cov khoom kub nrog cov plaques puag ncig dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hniav yog paub txog tam sim no tsuas yog los ntawm Kiev hoards (1842, 1880, 1887, 1906 thiab 1938). Tus tsim ntawm cov cassocks yog tus qauv zoo heev; nws yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev hloov pauv nruj ntawm cov quav hniav nrog cov noog thiab cov qauv cog ntoo. Raws li T. I. Makarova, kolts nrog hlaws embossed, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lawv nyob rau hauv ib yam nkaus thiab, tej zaum, ua los ntawm tib cov khoom siv tes ua, feem ntau yog txuas rau xws li cassocks.

Ntawm cov khaub ncaws kub ua los ntawm cov plaques quadrifolium, muaj qhov ua tau zoo ib yam cov duab qhia - cov duab ntawm cov noog thiab cov paj ntoo zoo nkauj. Tab sis ntawm no ib tus tuaj yeem pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov plaques nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov ntoo-geometric (kwv yees li 3 xws li plaques nyiaj rau ib tus nrog noog). Qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov siv cov hlaws hauv qhov dai kom zoo nkauj, uas tau ua haujlwm los kho qhov kawg ntawm cov pins txuas rau qhov khawm khawm ntawm cassock. Ob qhov pom ntawm cov cassocks no cuam tshuam nrog kev sib hais ntawm Maiden Gora ze lub zos. Sakhnovki (koog tsev kawm ntawv Kanevsky, cheeb tsam Cherkasy, Ukraine) Ib khub ntawm cassocks los ntawm Sakhnov cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm 1900. Lwm khub pom ntawm no monument raws li qhov sib cais pom tau khaws cia hauv kev sau ntawm Kiev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm keeb kwm Treasures. Hauv ob qho tib si, cov khaub ncaws muaj 10 plaques. Xws li cassocks kuj tseem paub los ntawm Kiev hoard ntawm 1827. Cov cassocks, txuas nrog hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov saw, muaj 23 plaques ntawm quadrifole zoo 4. Ntxiv rau, hauv Moscow hauv Armory muaj ib daim ntawv uas tsis tau nthuav tawm. Tab sis nws yuav txawv qhov loj me thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub loops thiab tej zaum yuav yog thaj, thiab tsis qhia meej ntawm cassock. Cov paib-kab txaij nrog cov xim pleev xim muaj ntau yam sib txawv, qee qhov ntawm lawv nco txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cassock.

Rau ob lub kolts thiab khaub ncaws kub nrog cov xaum, cov kws tshawb fawb pom qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom ua los ntawm tus tswv Byzantine. Cov no yog cov khaub ncaws uas puag ncig plaques los ntawm Kiev hoard ntawm 1938, pom ntawm B. Zhitomirskaya txoj kev.

Cov duab ntawm cov noog nthuav tawm lawv cov tis dai kom zoo nkauj cov pendants zoo ib yam li cov txiv duaj nyob ntawm Kiev kolt, suav tias yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm Byzantine. Peb tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog nqe lus no hauv qhov kev nkag siab tias nws yog tus tswv Byzantine uas tau pib ua lag luam txha hniav laus hauv Kiev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qub Lavxias kub kolts, los ntawm qhov tsim ntawm lawv tsim, sawv cev rau cov pab pawg me me uas nthuav tawm, uas yog qhov txawv txav los ntawm Byzantine cov qauv. Hauv peb qhov kev xav, ntawm kev pom ntawm cov kolts kub hauv thaj chaw ntawm Ancient Rus, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm Old Galich, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv geometrized, yog qhov ze tshaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Byzantine masters. Cov khoom no muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov sib piv ntawm Byzantine kolts (piv txwv li, lub kolt tsis tiav los ntawm Byzantine fortress ntawm Păcuiul Lui Soare kob ntawm Danube, Ostrov koog tsev kawm ntawv, Constanta County, Romania). Raws li rau cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub cov saw hlau-tsho nrog plaques txha hniav laus, cov khoom zoo li no tseem tsis tau paub txog ntawm yam khoom ntawm lub voj voog Byzantine-Danube. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov khoom qub ntawm "kolty-cassocks" nrog cov hniav txha hniav laus tau tsim nyob hauv Russia nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg siv khoom hauv zos.

Raws li TI Makarova, lub tsho nrog cov plaques puag ncig yog qhov ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj li cov khoom lag luam nrog quadrifolium plaques, uas tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj; N. V. Zhilina ntseeg tias cov khaub ncaws nrog quadrifoil txuas txuas me ntsis tom qab, nyob ua ke, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm cov saw nrog puag ncig plaques (txog rau thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th). Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, ib qho kev nyiam ua rau cov plaques me me kuj tseem maj mam sau tseg.

Kuj tseem muaj lub npe kub kub uas tsis muaj cov pleev xim zoo nkauj. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov ntaub qhwv hauv qab thiab zoo ib yam li cov qauv nyiaj ntau. Cov khoom zoo sib xws tau paub los ntawm ob qho khoom siv Kiev (Lub Koom Txoos ib feem hauv 1906 thiab Txoj Kev Streletskaya txog 1914), los ntawm 1900 cov khoom muaj nqis los ntawm Sakhnovka thiab los ntawm Chernigov cov khoom muaj nqis los ntawm 1850.

Cov khaub ncaws zoo li no tau xaus nrog lub nplhaib thiab txoj saw lossis ob txoj saw hlau. Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias cov saw kub ntawm cov hlua txuas kuj yog cov hlua khi. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm kev tshawb pom hauv Kiev cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm xyoo 1911 ntawm kub kolts nrog cov saw xov los ntawm hneev thiab cov duab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg.

Cov saw kub zoo sib xws kuj tseem paub los ntawm Kiev hoards ntawm 1876 thiab 1938. thiab xyoo 1891 los ntawm Ntxhais fuabtais ntawm Roob. Nws yog qhov nthuav uas cov nyiaj zoo sib xws (qee zaum gilded) cov saw tau pom ua ke nrog cov nyiaj kolts. Lawv tau pom nyob hauv Kiev hoard xyoo 1902 thiab cov nyiaj khaws tseg ze lub zos. Verbov (Berezhansky koog tsev kawm ntawv, Ternopil cheeb tsam, Ukraine).

Ib qho tshwj xeeb rau thaj tsam ntawm Ancient Rus yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ci nrog cov duab zoo li daim duab rosette, txuas nrog los ntawm pob khawm, pib los ntawm khib nyiab No. 2 los ntawm Gorodets (Khmelnytsky cheeb tsam, Ukraine). Cov plaques tau dai kom zoo nkauj nyob hauv nruab nrab nrog tourmaline inserts (5 plaques) thiab emeralds (2 plaques). Hmoov tsis zoo, peb tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias cov khoom lag luam txawv txav no, xaus nrog cov saw hlau ntawm ob sab, yog lub qhov txhab. Txij li thaum tsis muaj cov hlua khi nrog cov kolts (muaj ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm kolts hauv cov khib nyiab), nws tuaj yeem xav tias yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hnav nws ua lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj lossis zoo li cassock.

Cov khaub ncaws nyiaj tau npaj tseg, raws li txoj cai, rau kolts ua los ntawm cov nyiaj, puag ncig nrog niello lossis lub hnub qub-zoo li, kis nrog cov noob. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev zam rau txoj cai no. Yog li, hauv Kiev khaws nyiaj xyoo 1901 thiab khaws cia ntawm 1897, pib los ntawm Knyazha Gora, cov khaub ncaws nyiaj thiab kub kub tau koom ua ke.

Qhov feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj cassocks yog ib txoj hlua ua los ntawm cov khau khiab. Cov qhov me me tau tsau rau ntawm cov thaiv, tsim los txuas lawv rau hauv cov khaub ncaws.

Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov thaiv, ntau pab pawg ntawm cov khaub ncaws muaj qhov sib txawv, sib txawv hauv qhov ntev. Piv txwv li, hauv Svyatozersk hoard ntawm 1908, tau pom ob pawg ntawm cassock. Ib khub tau hnav khaub ncaws nrog 35 khau, lwm qhov suav nrog cov tsho loj nrog khau loj dua, txhua tus muaj 25 nkawm khau.

Lgov khaws cia ntawm xyoo 1879 (thaj av Chernigov, Ukraine) muaj 50 qhov thaiv los ntawm cassocks. Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tias lub tsho ntev tau khawm hauv ib nrab thiab dhau los ntawm hneev ntawm lub kolt, thiab nrog kev pab ntawm cov saw thiab cov nplhaib lawv tau txuas nrog lub taub hau.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau sau tseg tias cov saw hlau ntawm lub tsho ntev tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ncaj qha rau dai kolts. Nyob rau xyoo 1970Los ntawm Bolkhov kev sib hais haum (Derazhnyanskiy koog tsev kawm ntawv, Khmelnitsk cheeb tsam, Ukraine), ntawm lub arches ntawm ob khub kolts, cov seem ntawm tuab ib nrab-rotted threads tau raug khaws cia, uas pom tau ua haujlwm los kho cov saw los ntawm cassocks rau lawv. Ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov xov yog qhov txuas ntawm cov saw. Cov saw hlau lawv tus kheej, txuas nrog cov ntaub qhwv ntawm lub cassocks, kuj tseem raug kho. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub complex muaj 122 cassock blocks.

Cov tsho luv luv kuj tseem paub, ua los ntawm ib lossis ob lub kaum pob zeb. Lawv yog cov piv txwv, piv txwv li, rau cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Old Ryazan. Ntawm no tau pom cov khaub ncaws uas muaj 10-16 ntu. Hauv cov rooj sib txoos no, lawv tau pom ua ke nrog kolts (lub hnub qub zoo li tus duab lossis sib npaug nrog cov pob loj loj). Qee qhov xwm txheej, kev nrawm ntawm kolts nrog cov saw hlau mus rau qhov kawg daim duab peb sab ntawm lub cassock tau raug khaws cia. Cov tawv nqaij tseem tshuav (ib feem ntawm cov tawv pluaj) tau pom ntawm lub cassock los ntawm xyoo 1974 khaws cia. Tej zaum cov khoom tau txhawb nqa sab nraub qaum nrog cov hlua tawv. Cov cassocks los ntawm 2005 Staroryazan khaws cia muaj cov khoom tawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, lawv sawv cev rau qhov seem ntawm braid uas tau muab tshem tawm qhov kev ncua ntawm lub kolt mus rau txoj saw lossis hloov pauv qhov txuas txuas tawg. Tej zaum, cov khau cassock kuj tau ntxiv dag zog nrog daim ntaub. Cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm cov khau khiab ntawm ib sab, raws li txoj cai, xaus nrog cov hlua hlau, ntawm lwm qhov - nrog saw. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee kis thaum cov saw hlau nyob ntawm ob sab, cov khaub ncaws los ntawm cov qub Ryazan hoards xyoo 1967 thiab 1970 xaus rau hauv ob lub nplhaib. Ib qho ntxiv, ob lub tsho hnav khaub ncaws 8 los ntawm xyoo 1993 khaws tseg, pom nyob rau hauv keeb kwm Vozdvigl (Novograd-Volynsky, Zhytomyr cheeb tsam, Ukraine) muaj lub voj me me, pom tseeb rau kev txuas rau lub taub hau. Ntawm lwm sab muaj cov saw, xaus nrog lub nplhaib qawm qho.

Tus nab npawb ntawm cassocks muaj daim duab peb sab tiaj tiaj (qee zaum cov duab zoo dua nrog cov nqaj ntawm qhov kawg) Cov tsho no tsis muaj cov saw ntev. Peb tuaj yeem ntseeg tau hais tias nyob rau sab saud ntawm cov khoom muaj lub nplhaib rau txuas rau lub taub hau. Hauv qhov qis muaj daim phaj tiaj. Cov phaj feem ntau tso nrog lub voj me me, thiab lub nplhaib txuas rau nws. Lub hneev taw ntawm lub kolt yog threaded rau hauv lub nplhaib no. Txoj kev ua kom nrawm no yog qhia los ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj los ntawm Staroryazan hoard ntawm xyoo 1974. Cov phaj tuaj yeem ua tau du, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov paj ntaub zoo nkauj lossis cov ntaub. Cassocks nrog lamellar qhov kawg tau nthuav tawm hauv cov khoom pov tseg ntawm Kiev xyoo 1899, Staraya Ryazan, Izyaslavl xyoo 1958. Lub tsev khaws khoom los ntawm Verbov muaj cov phaj qhib ua haujlwm zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm palmette. Txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob hauv cov lus hais los saum toj no los ntawm Izyaslavl, 32 qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab thiab 4 qhov kawg daim duab peb sab tau pom, txhua lub cassock ntawm 16 block tau thav duab ntawm ob sab nrog daim duab peb sab.

Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo uas cov duab zoo sib xws tau nthuav tawm hauv Verbov, qhov twg 40 nruab nrab thiab 3 qhov kawg tau pom. Yog li, cov khaub ncaws nrog daim duab peb sab zoo li qhia pom ob txoj hauv kev rau txuas cov lus xaus no - ntawm ib sab lossis ob sab.

Pom ntawm cassocks nrog daim phiaj kawg los ntawm Staraya Ryazan muab rau peb lub sijhawm tsis tshua pom los ntawm txoj hauv kev txoj kev nrawm cov cassocks thiab kolts. Yog li, hauv xyoo 1974 khaws cia, peb khub thiab ib feem ntawm lub xya loj nyiaj lub hnub qub zoo li kolt nrog cov duab zoo li pear tau pom. Cov ntawv txuas nrog lub tsho tau khaws cia rau ob khub. Lub hneev taw ntawm lub kolt tau txuas rau phaj kawg nrog lub nplhaib. Cassocks yog qhov me me - lawv suav nrog tsuas yog 10-12 qhov kev sib txuas tseem ceeb. Lub phaj kawg, zoo li lub hauv paus loj, yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem embossing.

Cov khoom muaj nqis xyoo 2005 sawv cev rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hnav lub cassock. Ntawm no, kolts nrog cov pob zeb loj embossed tau txuas tam sim rau ob lub cassocks, uas pom muaj li 15 qhov thaiv. Ib qho ntxiv, nyob rau xyoo 2005, muaj peb-hlaws ib nrab-ntiv nplhaib txuas rau txoj hlua khi tau pom.

N. V. Zhilina tau hais qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm kev rov tsim kho lub tsev txhab nyiaj uas tsis yooj yim, ua los ntawm cov nplaim paj uas thaiv thiab cov hlaws arches txuas rau cov ntaub. Cov hneev taw nyob rau hauv qhov kev rov tsim kho ntawm qhov qis ntawm khau.

Feem ntau, muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau hnav lub tsho uas ua los ntawm cov khau khiab. Qhov sib txawv nrog cov quav quav, feem ntau hais hauv cov ntaub ntawv, yog qhov laj thawj, tab sis tseem tsis tau sau tseg los ntawm qhov chaw pom. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txuas ntawm kolts mus rau cov hlua khi (ntawm cov qauv yam tsis muaj daim phiaj kawg) thiab rau cov hlua txuas rau cov phaj kawg tau sau tseg.

Tsis ntev los no nrhiav pom cassocks los ntawm Staraya Ryazan (2005) qhia pom qhov kev xaiv hnav lub kolt ntawm ob lub tsho luv luv nrog daim phiaj kawg ib zaug. Raws li N. V. Zhilina, qhov xwm txheej sib txawv ntawm kev txo qis hauv cov thaiv lawv tus kheej, ntxiv rau qhov luv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cassock, tuaj yeem taug qab.

Tus kws tshawb fawb tshawb pom qhov kev hloov pauv me me ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm "khaub ncaws kub" thiab "nyiaj" ib qho. Ntau qhov pom tau tsawg dua yog cov khaub ncaws hnav ua los ntawm cov plooj (round convex plaques) txuas los ntawm hinges, du lossis dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov nplej thiab cov ntaub. Ib qho zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, uas muaj 14 daim ntawv dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb zoo li cov sib xyaw ua ke, thiab ob lub xauv xauv los ntawm Ryazan khaws cia ntawm 1937-1950.

Los ntawm Kiev hoard ntawm 1903, pom nyob rau hauv lub laj kab ntawm Mikhailovsky Monastery, lub cassock los ntawm, ua los ntawm cov pluaj nyiaj plooj, kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hlua hlau, uas txuas nrog los ntawm hinges. Hauv ib qho nyuaj ib yam, ib lub tsho hnav nyiaj tsis txawv txawv kuj tau pom, ua los ntawm 15 daim duab plaub hollow plua plav pluaj rau ntawm 4 xov, cais los ntawm cov hlaws me me. Cov plaques tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntoo zoo ib yam-kos duab. Cov kab kos duab tau npog nrog niello. Ib lub voj thiab cov saw tau khaws cia rau ntawm ib daim ntawv dav hlau.

Hauv qhov khaws cia ntawm 1891 ntawm Knyazhaya Gora, muaj ntau lub hollow embossed plaques nrog cov pob zeb zoo li cov hlaws dai raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv tau pom. Tau kawg, qhov kev suav sau ua ke hauv nws qhov kev siv zaum kawg tsis tuaj yeem yog cassock. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias peb muaj ua ntej peb nthuav dav ntawm txoj saw caj dab, thiab, feem ntau yuav yog, nws ua ke cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm cov keeb kwm sib txawv, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov hlaws dai atypical rau cov khoom qub Lavxias.

Ntawm cov cassocks saum toj no, tsuas yog cov khoom zoo nkauj uas pom hauv cov khoom muaj nqis hauv Dorogobuzh xyoo 1975 tau muab ua khub, thiab tus so tsis muaj khub, uas qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm siv lawv los ua paj ntaub zoo nkauj. Txawm hais tias yav tas los tau hais los zoo nkauj cov saw nyiaj nrog cov saw hlau quadrifolium los ntawm Staroryazan khaws cia ntawm xyoo 1868 yog lub tsev txhab nyiaj, peb kuj tsis tuaj yeem lees paub qhov tseeb. Qhov kev xaiv hnav nws li cassock, tab sis quav, tsis suav nrog.

Yog li, cov khoom txiav txim siab poob rau hauv ob pawg. Thawj qhov suav nrog cov khoom ua kom zoo nkauj, uas tsis ntseeg tias yog lub tsho rau dai kolts. Cov no yog cov kab xev ua los ntawm cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, vim tsuas yog lawv tau pom txuas nrog kolts. Tus so ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tuaj yeem yog ob lub tsho thiab caj dab, lossis siv polyfunctionally. Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntau yam no tau pom meej hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov hlua ntawm cov kab sib txuas. Peb tau hais tias lawv tau pom nyob hauv ib qho ntawm Kiev cov khoom muaj nqis, xov los ntawm hneev ntawm kolts.

Hauv Tver hoard ntawm 1906, xws li cov saw nyiaj tau flanked los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm zaj uas txuas nrog los ntawm lub nplhaib. Yog li, peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog kev hnav khaub ncaws sib txawv kiag li uas yog los ntawm ib puag ncig kab lis kev cai sib txawv kiag li. Tej zaum qhov pom ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kolt tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog cov khoom pleev xim zoo nkauj los ntawm Pekyul lui Soare, uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau xyoo pua 11th. Hnav hauv Bulgaria hauv XIII-XIV ib-paus xyoo. ornaments ntawm Kolt hom tau lees paub los ntawm ob qho khoom siv piv txwv (Lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Panteleimon hauv Boyana, Sofia, Bulgaria; Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb Huv Theotokos tshaj plaws hauv Donja Kamenitsa, Kolubar koog tsev kawm ntawv, Serbia) thiab kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub xws li kolts thiab lawv cov duab hauv Serbia kuj tsis tuaj yeem raug hu ua ntxov, lawv feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog XIV-XV ib puas xyoo.

Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv Bulgaria tau pom muaj cov plooj (embossed plaques-pads), zoo ib yam li cov ntaub qhwv hauv Russia hauv cov khaub ncaws nyiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau siv ntawm no los kho lub taub hau.

Nyob rau hauv lub monuments ntawm XIII-XV centuries. Thaj tsam Carpathian-Balkan muaj npe nrov rau ntau yam tiaras dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov saw hlau. Ntawm lawv muaj cov qauv ua nyob rau hauv ib yam zoo ib yam thiab hnav ua tiav nrog cov khoom pendant, suav nrog cov uas zoo li qub ntawm lub tsho qub Lavxias nrog lub tswb zoo li. Cov tiaras thiab pendants tau los, piv txwv li, los ntawm Brasov (lub nroog [nroog] Brasov, keeb kwm thaj tsam Tsara Byrsay, Romania) thiab Banatski Despotovac (Central Banat koog tsev kawm ntawv, Vojvodina, Serbia). Tej zaum, rau lub sijhawm no, dhau sijhawm, headpieces nrog pendant ornaments xws li kolts kuj tseem yuav pom.

Rau lub sijhawm tom qab (XVI-XVII ib puas xyoo), tag nrho cov yam ntxwv yog tus yam ntxwv, suav nrog ntawm lub hauv pliaj ib feem ntawm daim diadem (suav nrog cov saw thiab daim hlau) thiab pendants nqis los ntawm nws, ua hauv tib yam. Kho kom zoo nkauj tau txuas rau pendants, suav nrog kolts, tab sis tiaj tus. Ib qho nyiaj zoo sib xws nyob hauv s. Gartsy (Vidin cheeb tsam, Bulgaria), khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological hauv Sofia, Bulgaria Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias "khaub ncaws" tau txuas nrog tsis yog hneev ntawm "kolt", tab sis rau lub nplhaib tshwj xeeb nyob ib sab ntawm tus hneev "kolt" ". Cov pob ntseg zoo li no, pom tseeb, zoo ib yam rau kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm thaj av Carpathian-Balkan (zoo ib yam li cas-cassock, tab sis tsis muaj kolts, paub los ntawm Covei khaws cia (lub nroog [lub nroog] Dolj, Romania). cov chaw ntawm kev ua tej yam no yog Bulgarian Chiprovskaya tsev kawm ntawv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm XVI-17th xyoo pua (Chiprovtsi, Montana cheeb tsam, North-West Bulgaria).

Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais qhov tseeb tias, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Byzantine kev coj noj coj ua, ob qho tib si hauv tebchaws Russia thiab hauv cheeb tsam Carpathian-Balkan, tau tsim ib hom taub hau nrog pendant zoo nkauj xws li kolts. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm thaj av Balkan tseem tsis tau muab cov qauv ncaj qha rau cov qub Lavxias teeb ntawm "kolty-cassocks". Hauv kev lig kev cai Lavxias thaum ub, kolts xyaum poob tawm ntawm kev siv tom qab Tatar ntxeem tau. Hauv cheeb tsam Carpathian-Balkan, tsuas yog nyob rau XIII-XIV ib-paus xyoo. nws tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo sib xws raug tsim los. Thaj, hauv XIII-XVI ib-paus xyoo. ntawm no kuj yog hom tiara-tiara tau tsim, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv cov txheej nrog cov hlau pendant ornaments, zoo ib yam hauv kev ua haujlwm rau cov qub Russia cassocks. Rau cov pendants tau txuas nrog, ntawm lwm yam, cov khoom zoo sib xws hauv cov duab rau kolts.

Qhov xwm txheej nrog kev ntxiv ntawm cov khoom qub Lavxias qub qub yog qhov sib thooj rau ib qho uas cov kws tshawb fawb taug qab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev qub hauv tebchaws Russia. Raws li OM Ioannisyan, thaum kawg ntawm XI xyoo pua. … Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv tebchaws Russia, nyob rau hauv Byzantine tus yam ntxwv, kuj tau tsim ib hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub.