10 qhov kev tshawb pom keeb kwm uas txhawb nqa cov dab neeg hauv phau npaiv npaum

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum muaj tseeb tiag, tab sis lawv feem ntau tshawb pom qhov uas pab kom nkag siab zoo dua lossis txhais qee qhov xwm txheej hauv phau biblical. Ntau yam khoom cuav pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau lees paub qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv Phau Ntawv Phau Ntawv.

1. Dej Nyab Loj

Hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb, muaj kev xav tias lub hauv paus ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, feem ntau yuav yog dej nyab hauv Mesopotamia. Yog tias qhov no muaj tseeb, tom qab ntawd qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov dej nyab tau yooj yim dhau qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws sau zaj dab neeg no. Thaum lub sijhawm khawb av xyoo 1928-1929 nyob rau sab qab teb Mesopotamia (niaj hnub no Iraq), kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Askiv Askiv Leonard Woolley tau tshawb pom 3 meter txheej ntawm cov av sib xyaw txij li 4000 txog 3500 BC. nyob hauv lub nroog qub Ur.

Woolley txhais qhov no ua pov thawj ntawm dej nyab hauv phau npaiv npaum. Cov pov thawj zoo ib yam tau pom nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam, tab sis hnub rov qab los rau xyoo sib txawv. Dej nyab hauv Mesopotamia tau nquag. Thaum tsis muaj pov thawj keeb kwm rau dej nyab ntiaj chaw, muaj pov thawj ntawm dej nyab loj (lossis ntau) hauv Mesopotamia.

2. Genealogy ntawm Abraham

Zaj dab neeg ntawm Abraham pib nrog nws thiab nws tsev neeg nyob hauv Mesopotamian lub nroog Ur, los ntawm qhov uas nws tau tsiv mus rau Canaan. Hauv ib nrab ntawm Chiv Keeb, muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog tsev neeg ntawm Abraham, thiab ntau lub npe tau hais. Cov kws sau keeb kwm niaj hnub no ntseeg tias Aplaham yuav tsum tau nyob qhov chaw ntawm 2000 thiab 1500 BC. Thaum lub sijhawm khawb av hauv Mari, lub nroog qub nyob rau Euphrates (thaj tsam ntawm Syria niaj hnub), qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub tsev huab tais zoo nkauj thiab ntau txhiab ntsiav tshuaj uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv huab tais tau pom.

Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiav tshuaj los ntawm cov ntawv khaws cia ntawm Mari, uas yog hnub tim 2300 - 1760 BC, nws tau tshawb pom tias cov npe tau siv hauv thaj chaw no, pom hauv keeb kwm ntawm Abraham. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tsis txhawb nqa qhov tseeb ntawm Abraham tsev neeg tsob ntoo, tab sis nws qhia tias zaj dab neeg tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov tseeb.

3. Tub txib ntawm Abraham

Hauv Chiv Keeb nws tau hais tias Abraham tus poj niam Sarah tsis tuaj yeem muaj menyuam. Nws pom zoo tias Aplaham yuav tsum yog tus poj niam thib ob, uas tuaj yeem yug nws tus tub - tus poj niam Iyiv npe hu ua Hagar. Qhov kev xyaum no tau txhawb los ntawm ntau cov ntawv pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Hauv "Cov Ntawv ntawm Alalah" (xyoo pua 18th BC) thiab txawm tias "Code of Hammurabi" nws tau hais tias qhov no yog qhov kev lees txais feem ntau.

Cov ntsiav tshuaj Nuzi, uas tau pom hauv kev tshawb fawb Hurrian puag thaum ub hauv Iraq niaj hnub no, pib txij li ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th BC. Cov ntawv no hais txog tias tus poj niam tsis muaj menyuam tuaj yeem muab qhev rau nws tus txiv kom yug tau tus tub.

4. Lub nroog Xaudoos

Chivkeeb piav txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub nroog Xaudoos thiab Gomorrah vim yog kev txhaum ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob. Ib pawg kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntseeg tias lawv tau tshawb pom qhov tawg ntawm lub nroog qub Sodom, nyob hauv Tell el-Hammam, sab hnub tuaj ntawm tus Dej Jordan. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tau khawb yog zoo ib yam nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm thaum ub ntawm phau Vajlugkub (3500 - 1540 BC). Nws qhov chaw tsis yog qhov laj thawj tsuas yog vim li cas lub ruins raug suav hais tias yog lub nroog qub ntawm Sodom. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntseeg tias lub nroog tau tso tseg tam sim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab Bronze, zoo ib yam nrog cov duab hauv phau npaiv npaum ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm Sodom.

5. Cov Ntawv Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Ketef Hinnom

Ketef Hinnom qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov pob zeb faus qhov chaw nyob sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Lub Nroog Qub Yeluxalees, ntawm txoj kev mus rau Npelehehem. Xyoo 1979, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm tau tshawb pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw: lawv pom ob daim phiaj nyiaj dov ib yam li cov ntawv. Lawv tau sau rau hauv Old Hebrew. Cov ntawv no tau ntseeg tias tau siv los ua cov khoom qub thiab hnub tim 7 xyoo pua BC. Cov ntawv ntawm cov amulets no muaj cov lus qub qub tshaj plaws los ntawm Torah.

6. Cov ntawv sau Deir Alla

Thaum Khiav Dim, cov Yixayee hla ciam teb Sinai thiab mus txog tebchaws Edom thiab Moab. Muaj ib tshooj hauv Cov lej uas qhia txog yuav ua li cas tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Mau -a, ntxhov siab vim muaj cov neeg Ixayees nyob, nug tus yaj saub npe hu ua Npala -as kom foom phem rau cov neeg Ixayees. Txog 8 km ntawm tus Dej Jordan, Lub Tuam Tsev Hnub Nyoog Bronze hu ua Deir Alla tau khawb av. Cov ntawv Aramaic thaum ub tau pom nyob hauv lub chaw dawb huv, uas muaj cov lus foom tsis zoo ntawm Npala -as. Cov ntawv sau piav qhia lub zeem muag los saum ntuj los, xav tias yuav puas tsuaj thiab rau txim rau nws "vaj tswv phem".

7. Kev raug ntes ntawm cov neeg Xamali

Samaria poob rau cov neeg Axilias hauv 722 BC. Cov neeg Assyrian sau tseg tias King Sargon II tau ntes 27,290 tus neeg raug kaw thiab xa lawv mus rau kev ntiab tawm mus rau ntau qhov chaw raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg Axilias, suav nrog Halah thiab Havor. Qhov xwm txheej no tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntawv "Phau Vaj Ntxwv", nrog rau qee cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj. Hauv Mesopotamian kev khawb av, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm tau pom cov khoom tawg ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav, nyob saum npoo uas cov neeg Ixayees tau sau npe.

8. Assyrian ntxeem tau

Xyoo 701 BC, tus vajntxwv Axilia Sennacherib tau txeeb tebchaws Yudas. Ntau lub nroog tau poob qis ntawm nws cov tub rog, suav nrog Lachish, uas tau hais hauv Phau Ntawv Vaj Ntxwv. Tom qab kev tiv thaiv, lub nroog raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg Axilias, thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm tau ua tiav nrog qhov xwm txheej no. Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Lachish, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tshawb pom cov xub xub, cov txheej txheem thaiv, cov kaus mom hlau, thiab cov saw uas cov tiv thaiv siv tiv thaiv tus txiv neej siege. Thiab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog Assyrian qub ntawm Nineveh (sab qaum teb Iraq), cov duab puab thiab cov duab puab tau pom piav qhia txog kev ntes Lachish.

9. Xaus Kev Nuj Nqis Babylonian

Thaum Persian tus kav Cyrus Great tau ntes Npanpiloo hauv 539 BC, nws tau hais kom tso cov neeg Yudais thiab cov tswvcuab ntawm lwm haiv neeg uas raug kaw. Zaj keeb kwm no tau piav qhia hauv Phau Ntawv Ezra. Kuj tseem muaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas piav txog txoj cai ntawm Cyrus Great hais txog kev tso cai rau ntau tus neeg nyob hauv Npanpiloo rov qab los rau lawv tebchaws. Ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws yog Cyrus Lub tog raj kheej - lub tog raj kheej me me uas Cyrus tau xaj kom tsoo hauv cuneiform cov npe ntawm nws qhov kev yeej thiab kev ua siab zoo.

10. Herod's palace

Ib txoj hauv kev ntawm Herod the Great lub phiaj xwm tsim kho lub tsev tau pom thoob plaws Palestine. Dab tsi tau ntseeg tias yog seem ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Herod lub tsev tau pom thaum tshawb pom hauv lub tsev uas tso tseg hauv Lub Nroog Laus ntawm Yeluxalees, ze ntawm Tower of David. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no yog tias nws nyob hauv qhov chaw no uas Roman tus kws lij choj Pontius Pilate tau txiav txim rau Yexus tuag.

Thiab hauv kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov ncauj lus, peb txiav txim siab nco qab 10 daim duab los ntawm cov kws kos duab nto moo ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv phau npaiv npaum.