Yuav ua li cas pab pawg neeg Baltic thiab Finno-Ugric cuam tshuam rau cov neeg Lavxias thiab qhov twg feem ntau ntawm lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tam sim no

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Nyob rau xyoo pua 5 AD Cov pab pawg Slavic tuaj ntawm sab qaum teb Poland mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia niaj hnub no. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd mus txog rau xyoo XIV, cov Slavs tau nyob rau sab qaum teb - mus rau Lake Ilmen thiab sab hnub tuaj - mus rau Volga -Oka cuam tshuam. Nyob rau thaj av ntawm Europe sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb, cov neeg Slavic thaum ub tau sib sau ua ke nrog Finno-Ugrians thiab Balts, koom ua ib haiv neeg nkaus xwb thiab tsim los ua cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub Xeev Lavxias qub. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Russia xav txog lawv tus kheej Slavs, tsis lees paub lwm qhov kev xav ntawm lawv keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau ntau yam uas ob qho tib si lees paub qhov nyuaj ntawm Lavxias ethnogenesis thiab nug txog qhov tseeb Slavic keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, thiab hais txog qhov tsis sib xws. Thiab lawv txhua tus muaj lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb.

Cov haiv neeg ntau haiv neeg keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias

Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov neeg tau muaj txoj sia nyob ua pawg neeg tseem ceeb. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev sib hais haum, cov Slavs sib sau ua ke nrog lwm pab pawg thiab cov zej zog, ib feem tau txais lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab lus. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav txog keeb kwm thiab kev txhim kho ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias nyob rau ntau pua xyoo, txij li nws yuav luag tsis muaj peev xwm taug qab keeb kwm tseeb ntawm ib haiv neeg qub puag thaum ub. Muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog qhov teeb meem ntawm ethnogenesis ntawm Great Russians. Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm Nikolai Polevoy tau sib cav tias cov neeg Lavxias muaj tshwj xeeb rau cov hauv paus hniav Slavic, ob qho tib si hauv caj ces thiab kab lis kev cai, thiab pab pawg Finno-Ugric tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau nws tsim.

Tus kws sau keeb kwm haiv neeg Polish Dukhinsky yog tus ua raws txoj kev xav ntawm Turkic thiab Finno-Ugric keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Hauv Slavs, hauv nws lub tswv yim, tsuas yog ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev hais lus (lus) hauv kev tsim cov haiv neeg ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias.

Qee tus kws tshawb fawb paub tseeb tias cov neeg Scythians thaum ub, txawm tias lawv tsis yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, tau pab txhawb kev tsim cov neeg Lavxias los ntawm lawv thaj chaw nyob ze nrog cov Slavs. Qhov kev xav no tau qhia los ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Boris Rybakov.

Lomonosov qhov kev xav, uas tom qab tau tsim los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws qhia ntawv Konstantin Ushinsky, tuaj yeem suav tias yog lub ntsiab lus kub hauv qhov kev xav. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, Lavxias haiv neeg yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg Slavs thiab Finno-Ugric. Chud, Merya thiab lwm pab pawg Finno-Ugric thaum ub tau maj mam sib sau ua ke los ntawm Slavs, tab sis tau coj lawv cov kev paub dhau los rau lawv kab lis kev cai thiab dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tswj hwm hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm Lavxias North.

Cov neeg Slavs thiab Finno-Ugric: leej twg tau tshwm sim ua ntej ntawm Russia av?

Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog keeb kwm ntawm Slavs, nrog rau tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia meej txog qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Finno-Ugric ethnogroup. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem hais tau tseeb tias thaum lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Slavs mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Russia tam sim no, Finno-Ugrians twb nyob ntawd thiab tau siv ntau thaj av. Nrog rau Balts, uas nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Oka-Volga cuam tshuam, Finno-Ugrians yog cov neeg hauv paus hauv paus hauv tebchaws Russia.

Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau, suav nrog tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias M. M. Castren, sib cav tias Finno-Ugric ethnogroup tau tshwm sim los ntawm ciam teb Europe thiab Asia, sib cais los ntawm Proural zej zog txawm tias nyob rau xyoo thib 6 -5 txhiab xyoo BC. NS.lawv tsis yog nyob hauv tebchaws Russia nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem kis mus rau Europe. Muaj kev pom zoo tias kev hloov chaw tshiab ntawm Finno-Ugrians mus rau Sab Hnub Poob tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev thawb rov qab los ntawm ib sab ntawm cov neeg kov yeej.

Colonization ntawm Slavs

Los ntawm V caug xyoo. AD cov Slavs koom nrog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj ntawm Cov Neeg, cia li rov hloov pauv daim ntawv qhia haiv neeg ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Txog rau xyoo pua 9, kev ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej tau nthuav tawm. Cov pab pawg sib cais ntawm Slavs sib cais los ntawm cov pawg loj thiab nyob hauv kev sib cais.

Cov Slavs tuaj rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia niaj hnub no los ntawm thaj av ntawm niaj hnub Belarus thiab Ukraine. Los ntawm thaj av ntawm cheeb tsam Pskov, cheeb tsam Smolensk, thaj tsam Novgorod, thaj tsam Bryansk, thaj tsam ntawm Kursk thiab Lipetsk, pab pawg Slavic tau pib txav mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, daws thaj av uas cov neeg Finno-Ugric nyob txij puag thaum ub (piv txwv li, tam sim no Ryazan, cheeb tsam Moscow, thiab lwm yam).

Sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia tau nyiam cov Slavs rau ntau tus laj thawj. Ua ntej, qhov kev pom zoo ntawm huab cua tau muab lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev ua liaj ua teb. Qhov thib ob, furs tau tsim ntawm cov av no, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam.

Colonization feem ntau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab txuas ntxiv mus txog rau Hnub Nyoog Kawg.

Raws li keeb kwm, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Finno-Ugric pawg neeg tau tshwm sim txij thaum xyoo pua 12th. Rau cov neeg mob ntev, lawv tsis yog pab pawg neeg ywj pheej, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Qhov tseeb, pab pawg neeg tau khaws cia, tab sis ploj mus rau keeb kwm yav dhau.

Cov lus raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Slavic ethnos

Raws li qee tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm, cov neeg Lavxias yog Slavicized Finno-Ugrians uas tau yaj mus rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig thiab tau txais cov lus Slavic los ntawm lawv. Yog tias qhov kev xav no raug thuam thiab muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum, tom qab ntawd lub tebchaws Slavic keeb kwm ntawm lus Lavxias tsis ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg.

Nws yog hom lus Slavic tshaj plaws, hais los ntawm feem coob ntawm cov neeg Slavic thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv lem, Sab Hnub Tuaj Slavic lus los ntawm Indo-European proto-language, tshwj xeeb los ntawm nws Balto-Slavic ceg.

Nyob rau hauv XIV-XVII ib-paus xyoo. Cov lus Lavxias thaum kawg sawv los ntawm pab pawg East Slavic thiab pib ua ntxiv los ntawm ntau yam lus, suav nrog "akay" yam lus yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg nyob sab saud thiab nruab nrab Oka.

Cov lus Lavxias qub tsim tsis yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg Finno-Ugric. Los ntawm lawv cov lus Lavxias tau txais cov npe ntses - salmon, sprat, tsw, flounder, navaga. Cov lus "tundra", "fir", "taiga", ntxiv rau lub npe ntawm lub nroog Okhta, Ukhta, Vologda, Kostroma, Ryazan kuj tau los ua lus Lavxias los ntawm haiv neeg Finno-Ugric. Nws tau ntseeg tias txawm tias "Moscow" tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li Mari "daim npog" (uas yog, tus dais).

Dab tsi Genetics thiab Anthropology Hais

Cov Slavs yog haiv neeg haiv neeg-lus thiab lub tswv yim kev hais lus dawb huv. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv "ntshav Slavic" lossis "Slavic genes" raug suav hais tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

Txhua tus neeg Slavic niaj hnub no tau khaws lawv cov ntawv ua ntej Slavic, uas tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv keeb kwm yav dhau los, suav nrog cov pob txha taub hau. Ntawd yog, nrog leej twg Slavic colonialists sib xyaw, lawv nqus cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg ntawd. Piv txwv li, pob txha taub hau ntawm Slavs-Belarusians niaj hnub no zoo ib yam rau cov Balts, pob txha taub hau ntawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian yog zoo ib yam rau cov Sarmatians, thiab Lavxias Zalesye (ib feem ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow) muaj cov yam ntxwv keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Oka Finno-Ugric cov neeg.

Tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias thiab tus kws tshaj lij hauv Ancient Russia I. N. Danilevsky tsis lees paub lub neej ntawm "kev ntseeg Slavic tag nrho" thiab hais tias txawm tias nws muaj, nws nws thiaj li yaj ntawm cov autochthons uas tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm Slavs (Finno-Ugrians, Balts, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv lem, Finno -Ugrians, txawm hais tias "kev sib cais" ntawm cov Slavs, khaws lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam - lub qhov muag xiav, plaub hau daj thiab lub ntsej muag dav nrog lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag.

Kev sib cais ntawm haiv neeg, uas tseem tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib yuav ntawm Slavs thiab Finno-Ugric cov neeg, tau qhia nws tus kheej tsis yog tsuas yog hauv kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis kuj yog hauv keeb kwm kev ua neej. Cov tiam tom ntej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias sib txawv los ntawm lwm haiv neeg Sab Hnub Poob hauv ntau lub puab tsaig puab tsaig thiab lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, uas tsis yog, tab sis tseem tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm Finno-Ugric substrate.

Hais txog caj ces, feem ntau lees txais tus cim rau kev txiav txim siab keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg cov pej xeem yog Y-chromosomal haplogroups, kis los ntawm tus txiv neej kab. Txhua tus tib neeg muaj lawv tus kheej pawg haplogroups, uas tej zaum yuav zoo ib yam.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias thiab Estonian tau kawm txog cov noob caj noob ces Lavxias. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm South-Central Russia muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm haiv neeg hais lus Slavic (Belarusians thiab Ukrainians), thiab cov neeg nyob sab Qaum Teb ze rau Finno-Ugric substratum. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, teeb tsa haplogroups raug rau cov neeg Asians hauv paus txawm (Mongol-Tatars) tsis pom muaj txaus nyob hauv ib feem ntawm Lavxias cov noob caj noob ces (tsis nyob rau sab qaum teb, lossis sab qab teb). Yog li, cov lus hais "Kos rau Lavxias - koj yuav pom Tatar" tsis muaj lub hauv paus, tab sis kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm Finno -Ugric cov neeg ntawm kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab ethnogenesis tau ua pov thawj ntawm caj ces.

Kev faib tawm ntawm tib neeg sib txawv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia tam sim no

Raws li kev suav pej xeem, pab pawg Finno-Ugric tseem nyob hauv Russia: Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permians, Izhorians, Vods thiab Karelians. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub tebchaws txawv ntawm 90 txog 840 txhiab tus tib neeg. Cov noob ntawm cov pab pawg no tsis dhau los ua "Russified" txog thaum kawg, yog li ntawd, ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm, koj tuaj yeem pom cov neeg nyob nrog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv sab nraud yam ntxwv ntawm qee pab pawg neeg.

Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Finno-Ugrians "ploj" ntau pua xyoo thiab tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev, tab sis raws li cov lus hais hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, ib tus tuaj yeem taug qab lawv qhov chaw nyob ntawm thaj av ntawm Xeev Lavxias qub. Yog li, cov neeg Chud tsis paub, uas suav nrog pab pawg Vod, Izhora, txhua tus, Sum, Em, thiab lwm yam) nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm cheeb tsam Leningrad niaj hnub no. Merya nyob hauv Rostov, thiab Murom thiab Cheremis nyob hauv cheeb tsam Murom.

Nws kuj tseem muaj keeb kwm pov thawj tias pawg neeg Baltic Golyad nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Oka (ntawm thaj chaw Kaluga, Orel, Tula thiab cheeb tsam Moscow). Hauv 1st txhiab xyoo AD Western Balts raug Slavicized, tab sis txhua qhov kev xav txog lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua tsis tau zoo.

Tsis tas li, tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim nrog Tatars, thiab qhov yuam kev loj heev yuav hu lawv txhua tus tib neeg.