Pechenegs, hais txog leej twg Putin hais tias: Lawv tsim txom Russia li cas, thiab lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob qhov twg tam sim no

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Thaum kaj ntug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lavxias thaum ub, cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub ntsib teeb meem uas yog ib txwm muaj rau lub sijhawm ntawd - thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev uas nyuam qhuav tsim tshiab tau raug tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze. Ntawm cov neeg uas yog thawj tus ua rau cov neeg Lavxias tsis txaus ntseeg yog Pechenegs. Thaum xub thawj, lawv tsis pom tias yog teeb meem loj, tab sis lawv tau them nyiaj ntau rau lawv txoj kev tsis saib xyuas thaum cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig Kiev thiab tua Grand Duke.

Pechenegs yog leej twg thiab lawv tuaj qhov twg tuaj

Pechenegs hu ua kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pab pawg neeg nomadic ntawm Sarmatian, Turkic thiab Finno-Ugric keeb kwm sib koom ua ke nyob rau xyoo 8-9. Tsiv los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Central Asia, Pechenegs hla Volga thiab tsaws ntawm thaj av tshiab. Tom qab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav kov yeej Khazar Kaganate hauv lub xyoo pua 10, Pechenegs pib ntxiv dag zog. Tam sim no lawv tau tswj thaj chaw ntawm Russia, thaj av Alanian, Hungary, Bulgaria, thaj chaw ntawm Mordovia-tam sim no thiab cov khoom Oguz nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Kazakhstan. Txawm hais tias muaj txoj cai loj tuaj, Pechenegs, tsis zoo li Khazars tib yam, tsis tau tsim lub xeev cais, ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze.

Pawg neeg Pechenezh tau coj los ntawm Grand Duke, caj ces tau los ntawm tus tub huabtais tsawg dua. Cov thawj coj tau raug xaiv los ntawm pab pawg neeg thiab pab pawg sib tham, thiab lub zog tau dhau los ntawm kev sib txheeb. Cov tswv yim ntawm Pechenegs sib txawv hauv qhov uas lawv lub hom phiaj tsis maj mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua loj nrog cov neeg sib tw. Nrog lawv qhov kev tua hluav taws xob nrawm, lawv tau sim nyiag khoom muaj nuj nqis mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab ntes cov neeg raug kaw nrog leej twg lawv rov qab mus rau tom hav zoov.

Tus neeg ncig tebchaws Arab uas muaj npe nrov ntawm xyoo pua 10 Ibn -Fadlan tau sau tias nws pom Pechenegs nrog nws tus kheej lub qhov muag - tsaus nti brunettes. Hauv xyoo pua 11th, Archbishop Theophylact ntawm Bulgaria kuj tau tham txog Pechenezh kev sau ntawv, hu lawv cov kev tua hluav taws xob nrog ob qho nyuaj thiab yooj yim thim rov qab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev khiav tawm nrog ntau prey. Raws li nws cov lus xaus, lub neej nyob kaj siab lug yog qhov ua rau Pechenegs, thiab ib qho laj thawj twg los tawm tsam yog qhov siab ntawm kev vam meej.

Thawj qhov teeb meem nrog cov neeg Lavxias

Rau ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo, kev sib cav txog kev ua tub rog ntawm Pechenegs thiab Lavxias tau kav ntev. Kev lig kev cai, kev tawm tsam muaj kev nrawm nrawm mus rau Lavxias lub zos nrog kev tawm mus nrawm ib yam. Los ntawm thiab loj, Pechenezh raids tsis tau hem kev ywj pheej ntawm Russia, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau kev ua liaj ua teb, tib neeg kev nyab xeeb thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.

Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg cais tias qee lub sijhawm Lavxias tus thawj coj tsis tsuas yog tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Pechenegs, tab sis kuj tseem siv lawv ua tub rog tub rog ob qho tib si hauv kev tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab sab nraud thiab hauv kev sib cav sib ceg.

Thawj qhov kev sib cav tub rog loj ntawm Pechenegs thiab Russia tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10, tab sis kev tawm tsam tau tawm tsam yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau. Feem ntau, ua ntej kev rhuav tshem Khazar Kaganate, pab pawg Pecheneg tsis suav tias yog kev hem thawj loj. Kev sib cav thaum lub sijhawm Igor kav yog qhov ua yeeb yam, muab txoj hauv kev rau kev txhawb siab rau kev koom tes, uas tau xav txog hauv "Tale of Bygone Years."

Aggravation ntawm hostility thiab siege ntawm Kiev

Cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog pab pawg Pecheneg yog vim lub sijhawm Svyatoslav txoj kev kav (945-972). Pechenegs uas tau tawm tsam tom qab Kaganate poob lawm txiav txim siab txwv kev loj hlob ntawm Russia los ntawm kev tawm tsam Kiev xyoo 968. Tus tub huabtais thiab nws pab tub rog tau tawm mus rau kev tawm tsam rau lub tebchaws Bulgarian, uas cov nom tswv tau maj nrawm los ua kom zoo dua. Kev siege ntawm Kiev tig mus rau qhov nyuaj heev. Svyatoslav, uas tau nrawm rov qab los ntawm kev sib tw, tau tsav cov nomads hauv cov neeg ntxeev siab, tib lub sijhawm ua rau Khazars thinning. Kuj ceeb tias, twb nyob rau xyoo 970, Pechenegs nyob ntawm Svyatoslav tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias-Byzantine ze ntawm lub fortress ntawm Arkadiopol. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau xaus ntawm Russia thiab Byzantium, thiab cov nomads tau tawm ntawm lawv ntau, qhov tseeb, ib zaug ntxiv tig mus ua yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.

Xyoo 972, thaum Svyatoslav pib ua lwm qhov kev tawm tsam rau Pechenegs, lawv tau saib tus tub huabtais ntawm tus dej Dnieper thiab tua nws. Nomads raug kev txom nyem hauv 993 twb tau tuav ntawm Grand Duke Vladimir, uas swb lawv cov tub rog. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Vladimir, Svyatopolk thiab Yaroslav sib cav sib ceg. Lub sijhawm no Pechenegs tau koom nrog Svyatopolk, raug swb. Txawm li cas los xij, Svyatopolk tsis maj nrawm tso kev sib ntaus, thiab twb tau nyob hauv 1017 Kiev tau tos dua los ntawm Pechenezh siege.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Yaroslav Cov Neeg Txawj Ntse thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv niaj hnub no

Tom qab kev ua tub rog tsis sib xws, yeej tseem nrog Yaroslav Tus Txawj Ntse. Thaum nws kav, Pechenegs ib zaug (1036) tau tshwm sim ntawm ciam teb ntawm Russia, tau raug kev txom nyem zaum kawg. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Pechenezh pawg neeg: qee tus neeg sawv cev ntawm nomads hloov mus rau Islam, thaum lwm tus, tau coj Byzantine sab, nyiam mus rau kev ntseeg. Hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Russia los ntawm Pechenegs los ntawm kev nthwv dej tshiab ntawm Turkic hais lus ntxeem tau - Polovtsians.

Tam sim no Pechenegs tau ua tiav rau hauv cov teeb meem sab hauv ntawm lub xeev Lavxias qub. Lawv khaws lawv txoj kev nomadic, lees paub lub hwj chim Kiev zoo tshaj plaws thiab txawm tias tau txais txoj cai koom nrog hauv kev xaiv tsa. Nrog rau qhov no, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Lavxias nrog Pechenegs tau los tsis muaj dab tsi, thiab lub sijhawm tau los txog rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev ua neej thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias nyob rau xyoo pua 11th Pechenegs tau muab faib ua ob peb ntu raws li txoj cai kev ntseeg, lawv lub koomhaum thaum kawg tau tawg tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, thaum Pechenegs tau faib ua ntau pawg neeg sib cais. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau nyob ntawm thaj chaw cais, sib koom nrog cov neeg hauv zos, lawv kev ntseeg thiab kev coj noj coj ua (Torks, Cumans, Hungarians, Russians, Byzantines thiab Mongols). Yog li, ib pawg neeg muaj zog ib zaug, uas tau coj ntau yam teeb meem rau cov thawj coj Lavxias, tau poob rau hauv kev tsis nco qab.

Qee tus kws sau keeb kwm hu rau Kirghiz xeem "Bechine" cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Pechenegs. Raws li ib tsab ntawv, Pechenegs yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Karakalpak hauv Uzbekistan. Thiab tom qab Pechenegs, Polovtsians tuaj. Cov kws sau keeb kwm tseem sib cav txog niaj hnub no - Polovtsi - cov yeeb ncuab, cov neeg nyob sib ze lossis cov phooj ywg tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov thawj Lavxias Lavxias.