Leej twg tau piav qhia hauv daim duab nto moo ntawm Memling "Portrait of a Man with a Roman Npib"

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Hans Memling hu ua tus kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws thiab thev naus laus zis zoo tshaj hauv tebchaws Netherlands ("Flemish primitives"). Cov piv txwv zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb ntawm Memling cov duab. "Portrait of a Man with a Roman Npib" (txog 1480, Antwerp) yog suav tias yog thawj tus piv txwv ntawm Qaum Teb Renaissance. Yam nyiaj npib zoo li cas hauv daim duab, thiab leej twg yog tus txiv neej hauv Memling cov duab zoo li tiag?

Artist biography

Hans Memling (c. 1440-1494) yog tus neeg yug hauv tebchaws German uas ua haujlwm hauv Flanders. Yog ib tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij thaum ntxov tus tswv ntawm Netherlands. Hans Memling yug hauv Seligenstadt, ib lub zos ze Frankfurt. Nws txoj kev kawm thaum ntxov tau tshwm sim hauv Cologne. Txog xyoo 1465, "Jan van Memmelinge" tau sau npe ua neeg xam xaj ntawm Bruges. Muaj kev xav tias Memling yog ib tus npoj yaig ntawm nto moo Rogier van der Weyden. Vasari sau hais tias Memling yog menyuam kawm ntawv lossis phooj ywg ntawm Van der Weyden. Lawv txoj kev sib koom tes tseem txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum Van der Weyden tuag thaum Lub Rau Hli 18, 1464.

Memling cov duab tau sau nrog cov dab sib txawv thiab cov duab txaus ntshai ntawm ntuj raug txim uas cov neeg txhaum tau txais lawv cov khoom plig. Nws cov kev tsim zoo tshaj plaws nthuav tawm nws txoj kev txawj sau ntawv ntawm zaj dab neeg, thiab nws qhov kev pleev xim tshwj xeeb yog zoo meej rau hauv phau biblical thiab cov dab neeg. Cov duab nto moo "Portrait of a Man with a Roman Coin" (ua ntej 1480, Antwerp) yog thawj daim duab sab qaum teb uas tau piav qhia hauv toj roob hauv pes.

Cov phiaj xwm ntawm daim duab

Memling daim duab qhia txog tus txiv neej ib nrab-tig. Cov canvas nthuav tawm nrog kev ua tib zoo mloog kom ntxaws uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Flemish tha xim. Tus txiv neej hnav lub tsho dub thiab lub kaus mom tsaus nti. Hauv nws txhais tes laug, nws ua piv txwv tuav lub npib Roman piav txog tus huab tais Nero, lub cim ntawm nws txoj kev mob siab rau tib neeg. Hauv keeb kwm yav dhau yog toj roob hauv pes nrog lub pas dej: Memling yog ib tus thawj kws ua yeeb yaj kiab siv thaj chaw ib puag ncig rau cov duab tom qab (hloov chaw ib txwm dub keeb kwm yav dhau), cuam tshuam cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Renaissance lig xws li Sandro Botticelli thiab Pietro Perugino.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus duab

Cov duab yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv ntau txoj hauv kev: 1. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog qhov ua tau zoo thiab yam ntxwv ntawm Memling cov duab. 2. Qhov thib ob, tus txiv neej tau hais tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm toj roob hauv pes. Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, Memling yog ib tus thawj kws ua yeeb yam ntxiv keeb kwm yav dhau los rau nws cov duab. 3. Panoramic pom txhim kho qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ze thiab ze-ze, tsim kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. 4. Tsis tas li ntawd, Memling txhim kho cov nyhuv no los ntawm kev kos tib neeg txhais tes nyob rau hauv kaum sab xis, muab kev xav tias muaj qhov chaw pub dawb ntawm cov qauv piav qhia thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los. Yog li, nws tseem muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tob hauv qhov xub ntiag. 5. Ib qho ntxiv, Memling pleev xim rau saum ntuj hauv nruab nrab ntawm daim duab Antwerp. Yog li, nws tau faib qhov saum toj ib nrab: lub taub hau ntxaws tau piav qhia txog lub ntuj ceeb tsheej ntuj, thiab cov khaub ncaws dub dub tau muab tso rau tom qab ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes zoo, tsim kom muaj kev sib luag.

Hauv qee qhov duab, xws li Diptych of Maarten van Nievenhoven (St. Niaj hnub no tus thav duab ntawm Antwerp daim duab tau ploj, tab sis nws zoo li yuav pom cov duab qub txuas ntxiv ntawm daim duab no.

Hero tus cwj pwm

1. Muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg no. Cov nyiaj npib hauv tes, ua ke nrog nplooj laurel thiab tsob ntoo xibtes hauv toj roob hauv pes, tau thawb ntau tus neeg thuam kev thuam kom xav tias nws yuav yog Florentine Bernardo Bembo. Tus tib neeg no tau sau cov nyiaj npib zoo heev, thiab nws siv cov nplooj laurel thiab tsob ntoo xibtes los ua nws lub cim. Xyoo 1473, Bembo nyob rau qee lub sijhawm hauv Bruges, yog li nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo los ntawm Memling. Qhov kev cia siab ntawm tus txiv neej tus yam ntxwv qhia tau tias Memling yuav tau pleev xim duab ntawm Italians thiab lwm tus neeg txawv tebchaws tuaj xyuas Bruges. Suffice nws kom nco txog Triptych ntawm Benedetto Portinari (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin) thiab Portrait of a Man (Folco Portinari?) (Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence).

2. Muaj lwm tsab ntawv hais txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus phab ej ntawm daim ntaub. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no yuav yog Florentine tus kws kos duab Niccolò di Forzore Spinelli, uas tau tuag hauv Lyon (cov duab tha xim tau khaws cia rau ntawd thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19). Ib tus xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tsev neeg ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub (los ntawm tib yam uas tus kws kos duab Spinello Aretino tuaj). Spinelli yog nto moo rau nws cov khoom plig, yog tus luam ntawv sau ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Burgundy. Ntawm qhov kwv yees li 150 qhov khoom plig cuam tshuam nrog nws cov style, tsuas yog tsib tus tau kos npe thiab suav tias yog qee qhov kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib Italian khoom plig.

3. Nws kuj tseem yog Giovanni di Candida. Giovanni di Salvatore Filangier ntawm Candida ceg yog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe Neapolitan. Tau yug los ua ntej 1450. Nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Tsev Anjou hauv Naples thiab tsiv mus rau Burgundy los ua haujlwm rau Duke Charles the Bold. Nws tau sau tseg ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv rau duke hauv 1472. Nws siv tas nws txoj hauj lwm ua ib tus neeg sawv cev. Hauv cov ntawv muaj sia nyob, Candida hu ua "summo et oratori et Historico ac sculptoriae artis atque plastices hac aetate omnium consummatissimo" (tus hais lus zoo tshaj plaws thiab keeb kwm thiab muaj txuj ci tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus neeg ua yeeb yam hauv kev kos duab thiab ua qauv hauv peb lub sijhawm).

Yog li, Hans Memling tau tswj hwm los tsim cov txuj ci zoo nkauj tiag tiag ntawm kev pleev xim duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Raws li keeb kwm kev kos duab Richard Muther, Ph. D., "Dab tsi Botticelli yog rau Florence, Perugino rau Umbria, Borgognone rau Milan thiab Bellini rau Venice, Hans Memling yog rau Netherlands."