"Tsov Rog Ntawm Duab Ntxoo": Yuav ua li cas kev sib cav ntawm Russia thiab Askiv tau xaus rau xyoo 19th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Xyoo 1857, kev sib cav txog thaj tsam kev nom kev tswv pib ntawm Russia thiab Askiv, thaum lub tebchaws uas sib pauv kev txav chaw thiab kev sib txuas ua ke nyuaj. Nws yog kev tawm tsam rau kev cuam tshuam hauv thaj tsam ntawm Central thiab South Asia, uas yuav raug hu ua "Great Game" lossis "War of Shadows". Kev ua tsov rog txias ntawm ob lub tebchaws nyob rau qee lub sijhawm tuaj yeem hloov mus rau theem ntawm kev ua tsov rog kub, tab sis kev siv zog ntawm cov kev pabcuam txawj ntse thiab cov kws sawv cev tswj hwm kom zam qhov no.

Dab tsi tshwm sim ua rau pib kev ua si loj ntawm Russia thiab Askiv?

Thaum Kev Ua Si Loj, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev ua ntawm ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Askiv yog kev ntshai rau Is Nrias teb, uas, nrog rau thaj chaw ntawm Burma tam sim no, Bangladesh thiab Pakistan, yog pawg neeg Askiv thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws kev lag luam. Russia tsis muaj lub hauv paus ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo rau nws txoj kev lag luam loj hlob thiab nyob zoo, yog li ntawd, nws tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab los ua lag luam nws cov khoom lag luam (hmoov, qab zib, khob iav, saib, thiab lwm yam) thiab muaj peev xwm nkag tau. rau cov khoom ntawm Turkestan (paj rwb, karakul, ntaub pua plag xuas tes ua) thiab Suav. Txhawm rau zam kev tawm tsam kev lag luam caravans, Russia tau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov steppes, uas tom qab dhau los ua lub nroog thiab maj mam txav mus tob thiab ntxaum mus rau sab qab teb. Thiab xyoo 1822 Kazakh Khanate tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.

Txawm li cas los xij, Russia kuj muaj nws qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm Askiv: Sab qaum teb Afghanistan tau suav tias yog Askiv thaj chaw ntawm kev cuam tshuam, thiab nws tau nyob ze rau ntawm Turkestan oases. Yog tias Askiv muaj lub hauv paus nyob ntawd, nws tuaj yeem cais Siberia los ntawm Russia (nws tau txuas nrog nws tsuas yog los ntawm txoj kab nqaim ntawm Siberian txoj kab ke). Cov kev ntshai no tau txhawb ntxiv los ntawm kev ua ntawm Askiv, uas coj lawv cov tub rog mus rau Afghanistan (cov xwm txheej ntawm 1839-1842), yog li Russia tau txiav txim siab txiav txim siab txav nws cov ciam teb mus rau sab qab teb ntxiv (thiab kom deb li deb tau).

Tab sis Tsov rog Crimean, uas tau pib xyoo 1853, tau txwv kev nthuav dav Lavxias mus rau hauv Central Asia. Xyoo 1855, nyob nruab nrab ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Crimean, Russia tau nkag siab tias Is Nrias teb yog qhov chaw tsis muaj zog nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv (qhov tseeb dua, ntshai rau nws), thiab nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem siv los cuam tshuam rau Askiv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Ua Rog Tsov Rog tsis tau nplij siab rau ib lub tebchaws twg - Askiv tau ua rau nws tsis txaus siab uas tsis tuaj yeem coj Crimea, Caucasus thiab Transcaucasia, Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland, Livonia, Estonia, Bessarabia los ntawm Russia, thaum Russia nws tus kheej tau sab laug yam tsis tau nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb yog tus muaj lub siab xav ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab.

Muaj kev daws teeb meem hauv Caucasus thiab Poland (kev tawm tsam xyoo 1863), Russia rov pib nthuav dav mus rau Central Asia, thaum Tebchaws Askiv nyob rau lub sijhawm txuas ntxiv cov av ntawm South Africa, Nigeria, Burma, West Indies, colonized Sikkim, Kub Ntug hiav txwv, Bazutoland thiab ntau dua rau rau puas lub hauv paus tseem ceeb … Xyoo 1864 nws tau tawm tsam nrog Afghanistan thiab Ethiopia, ntes Cyprus thiab Fiji, thiab nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv. Ob lub tebchaws tau saib ib leeg ua tsis zoo thiab tau npaj ua ntu zus thaum muaj xwm txheej tsis zoo rau lawv.

Yuav ua li cas Tebchaws Askiv tau tawm tsam rau Great Russia phiaj xwm hauv Central Asia xyoo 1864

Kev nthuav dav ntawm ciam teb Lavxias mus rau Central Asia yog qhov xav tau sai. Hauv nws phau ntawv Kev Ncaj Ncees Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab Askiv, luam tawm xyoo 1855, I. V. Vernadsky (tus xibfwb ntawm Moscow University): yam tsis muaj kev tawm tsam ua ntej ntawm Hindustan, "Askiv lub zog yuav kov yeej Tuam Tshoj ib yam, ib yam li nws tau ua qhev India." Thiab qhov no yuav luag tshwm sim thaum muaj kev tsov kev rog nrog Suav. Ib qho ntxiv, tau muaj kev txhim kho sai ntawm kev lag luam textile, thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws Meskas, tus xa khoom tseem ceeb ntawm paj rwb, Tebchaws Europe muaj teeb meem nrog kev muab cov khoom siv raw no. Kokand thiab Bukhara yog cov tsim cov paj rwb nyoos, yog li nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau Lavxias kev lag luam ua ntej ntawm Askiv hauv qhov kev taw qhia no.

Raws li kev sib tw Turkestan, Russia tau kov yeej Kokand thiab Khiva Khanates, Bukhara Emirate. Ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm Russia, lawv yuav tsum lees paub nws tus tiv thaiv, muab thaj chaw tseem ceeb thiab txwv kev ua qhev ua lag luam, tab sis hauv tsoomfwv sab hauv cov khanates no tau muab kev ywj pheej ua tiav (tom qab ntawd lawv yuav tsum tso tseg txoj kev ua kom haum - cov Asians pib nkag siab yuam kev nrog tsis muaj zog). Kev piav qhia ntawm Russia kev ua rau zej zog ntiaj teb tau muab los ntawm Chancellor Gorchakov: "Tsoomfwv Lavxias tau yuam kom cog kev coj noj coj ua nyob qhov twg txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm tsoomfwv ua rau tib neeg raug kev txom nyem, thiab tiv thaiv nws cov ciam teb los ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab ntshav. Nov yog txoj hmoo ntawm txhua lub tebchaws uas pom nws tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws."

Thaum xub thawj, Askiv tau ua qeeb qeeb thiab tsis ntseeg txog kev nthuav dav Lavxias mus rau Central Asia: nws nthuav nws cov khoom, tab sis nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tuav lawv thiab yuav qhib rau lub tshuab, uas nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam, koj tsuas yog xav tau tos rau lub sijhawm. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, kev npau taws txog qhov no tau pib hauv xovxwm: hauv txhua qhov kev hloov pauv lawv tau hais cov lus tim khawv ntawm Peter I, uas tsis muaj nyob hauv qhov tseeb, uas, raug liam, kev tswj hwm ntiaj teb ntawm Russia tau tham, thiab nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua tsis tau Is Nrias teb thiab Constantinople. Cov ntawv tshiab ntawm qhov no yuav tshwm sim - lawv twb tau daws nrog Persian Gulf, Tuam Tshoj thiab txawm tias Nyij Pooj. Hauv qhov no, txhua kauj ruam los ntawm Russia hauv Turkestan lossis Caucasus tau pom los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv raws li lub hom phiaj kom tshem ntawm nws qhov "hlaws" uas muaj nqi - Is Nrias teb.

Tab sis xyoo 1867 Russia tau tsim tsoomfwv Turkestan. Thiab xyoo 1869 - txuas ntxiv thaj tsam Trans -Caspian (thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj ntawm Caspian Hiav Txwv thiab sab nrauv ntawm Bukhara Emirate thiab Khiva Khanate nyob rau sab hnub poob, thiab, qhov tseem ceeb, mus txog thaj tsam Ural nyob rau sab qaum teb, thiab Persia thiab Afghanistan nyob rau sab qab teb) thiab tso chaw nres nkoj ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian … Cov xwm txheej no yuam London tig mus rau St. Petersburg nrog kev thov ntawm "kev cog lus zoo", tom qab uas kev sib tham ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam tau pib ntawm ob lub tebchaws (lawv tau kav ntev txog 49 xyoo, thiab qee lub tebchaws pom lawv tus kheej hauv kev ua tsov rog).

Yuav ua li cas peb tswj kom kov yeej qhov teeb meem Afghan thiab Pamir

Ib tus neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo 19th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, Tswv Curzon, tau piav qhia qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev txhawb siab ntawm Askiv: "Askiv muaj nyob ntev li ntev tau nws muaj Is Nrias teb. Tsis muaj ib tus neeg Askiv uas yuav tawm tsam tias Is Nrias teb yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv tsis yog los ntawm kev tawm tsam tiag, tab sis txawm tias los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm nws xwb. Is Nrias teb, zoo li menyuam yaus, xav tau lub tog hauv ncoo kom nyab xeeb, thiab Afghanistan yog lub ncoo los ntawm Russia. " Lub tebchaws no tau suav hais tias yog lub qhov rooj loj mus rau Is Nrias teb, thiab, yog li ntawd, nws yog nws uas yuav tsum tau ua qhov thaiv ntawm txoj kev ntawm kev nthuav dav Lavxias. Nrog lub teeb pom kev ntawm Askiv, Afghanistan, uas tsis muaj cov zaub mov, dhau los uas tsis muaj kev lag luam hla dhau, tawg sib nrug los ntawm kev sib cav sab hauv tsis tu ncua, tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav nws tus kheej hauv cheeb tsam, Askiv tau ua rog nrog Afghanistan (thawj kev ua tsov rog - txij xyoo 1831 txog 1842, qhov thib ob - txij xyoo 1878 txog 1880).

Xyoo 1885, qhov teeb meem Afghan tau tawg - ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm Askiv thiab Russia, uas yuav luag ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tub rog. Qhov laj thawj rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv nruab nrab yog kev qaug ntawm Merv oasis thiab kev nce qib mus rau Penjde ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog raws li cov lus txib ntawm General A. V Komarov. Xyoo 1884, los ntawm kev sib tham los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Merv oasis, raws li kev sib tham nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cheeb tsam Trans-Caspian, kev ua pej xeem Lavxias tau txais kev pom zoo. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tib yam tau ua los ntawm lwm pab pawg neeg Turkmen nyob hauv Pendinsky thiab Iolatan oases. Tab sis sab qab teb tshaj plaws ntawm Pendé ntawm Dej Murghab tau raug tswj los ntawm Afghan emir txij li xyoo 1833.

Askiv (nyob rau hauv uas nws tau tswj hwm Afghanistan yog thaum ntawd) thov kom nws tso tseg kev ua ntej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias mus rau Penj - Herat thaum ub tso ib puas kilometers sab qab teb ntawm nws, dhau qhov uas nws tau yooj yim mus rau Is Nrias teb los ntawm ib feem ntawm Afghanistan. Russia tau thov rau Emir kom lees paub Pendzhe ua thaj chaw Lavxias thiab xaiv kom muaj ciam teb meej ntawm cov tebchaws. Cov neeg Afghans tsis xav tso tseg thaj av tsis sib haum xeeb, qhov teeb meem tau daws nyob rau hauv kev sib cav ntawm Lavxias thiab Afghan pab tub rog ntawm tus dej Kushka: lub emir lub detachment poob kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Penje qhia kev xav ua dhau los ntawm Russia. Tebchaws Askiv tsis nyiam txoj kev tsim cov xwm txheej, tab sis Russia tseem tswj hwm los tuav Pendinsky oasis los ntawm kev sib tham hauv kev sib tham. Thiab xyoo 1887 Lavxias teb sab-Afghan ciam teb tau raug pom zoo.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1890 txog 1894, Russia thiab Askiv tau sib tw hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm Pamirs - ib lub tebchaws uas muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv cov zaub mov (kub, pob zeb siv lead ua, pob zeb, rubies, lapis lazuli, thiab lwm yam), tab sis tsis muaj ciam teb meej. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev ceeb toom ntawm cov neeg sib tw: Russia tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv Kashmir, Askiv thiab Afghanistan - mus rau hauv hav Fergana yam tsis muaj kev ua txhaum. Dhau li ntawm lawv, Suav tau mob siab rau Pamir. Cov neeg Askiv tau tawm tsam thaj av sab qaum teb ntawm Pakistan niaj hnub xyoo 1891. Cov neeg Lavxias tau teb nrog kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, yog li kev pom zoo tau xaus los ntawm ob tog, raws li ib feem ntawm Pamir tau mus rau Russia, lwm qhov rau Afghanistan, thiab lwm qhov rau Bukhara Emirate tswj los ntawm Russia. Xyoo 1894, txhawm rau txo qis kev ua haujlwm Askiv hauv cheeb tsam, Cov neeg Lavxias tau teeb tsa txoj hauv kev zais log, uas tau npaj kom hloov pauv cov tub rog sai thaum muaj lus Askiv ntxeem tau. Nws txuas nrog Alva thiab Fergna hav.

Uas tso qhov kawg rau Kev Ua Si Loj. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm "Tsov Rog Ntawm Duab Ntxoo"

Xyoo 1907, kev pom zoo tau kos npe los ntawm Great Britain thiab Russia, raws li Russia lees paub Afghanistan raws li kev tiv thaiv lus Askiv, Askiv - Lavxias tiv thaiv hla Central Asia. Hauv Persia, thaj tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam tau txiav txim siab (nyob rau sab qaum teb - Russia, nyob rau sab qab teb - Tebchaws Askiv). Qhov kev pom zoo no xaus lub sijhawm ntawm "Kev Ua Si Zoo", uas ua rau muaj kev daws teeb meem nyuaj, kov yeej lub qhov tob ntawm qhov kev xav tsis sib xws tsis muaj kev sib ntaus tub rog ncaj qha ntawm ob tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb - Russia thiab Askiv. Central Asia pom nws tus kheej hauv txoj haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig - tsis muaj Russia, txoj hmoo ntawm Afghanistan tos nws.

Britain tau coj kev ua tsov rog nyob rau colonial phem, ntxiv rau thaj chaw.