Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Cossacks: Yuav ua li cas neeg txawv teb chaws nomads Cherkasy tsim Zaporozhye Sich

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Cov Cherkassians paub tsis meej yog suav tias yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Cossacks. Raws li feem ntau keeb kwm keeb kwm, Cossacks tsuas tuaj yeem tshwm sim yam tsis muaj lawv cov kab lis kev cai qub ntawm cov neeg steppe. Lawv tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Slavs, txog rau tam sim no ntau tus neeg Ukrainian thiab Lavxias lub npe niaj hnub no muaj qee yam cuam tshuam nrog Cherkasy. Ib yam li cov npe ntawm cov nroog loj thiab cov nroog.

Warlike nomads: yuav ua li cas Cherkassians dhau los ua Cossacks

Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "Cherkasy" tsis nkag siab. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntawv, nws los ntawm Türkic chiri kishi lossis chiri kisi, uas tuaj yeem txhais ua "cov neeg ntawm pab tub rog" lossis "cov neeg muaj hwj chim". Hauv lwm lo lus, cov tub rog lossis cov neeg muaj riam phom uas txhawb kev hwm rau cov neeg nyob ze thiab cov yeeb ncuab. Qee leej ntseeg tias "Cherkasy" yog ib lub npe ntawm Khazars, qee leej suav tias lawv yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Tatars lossis tsis yog haiv neeg Slavic.

Ua raws li qhov nws yuav ua tau, Cherkasy (tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm Circassians thiab Cherkasy) nyob rau xyoo 16th - 18th nyob rau qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm, thiab ib tus neeg hais txog lawv tuaj yeem pom ntau dua ua ntej. Los ntawm qhov thib ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 16th, Cossacks uas tau nyob hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub tau pib hu ua Cherkas, thiab cov ntsiab lus no tau dhau los ua cov lus sib piv.

Nws yog Cherkasy (raws li qhov hloov pauv ntau tshaj) uas lub nroog Cherkassy tshuav nws lub npe, nyob rau qhov chaw uas muaj ib zaug Cossack kev sib hais haum. Hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, koj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog "Circassians" uas yog pab pawg ntawm Mstislav the Udal, Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Tmutarakansky thiab Chernigov. Tatishchev txiav txim siab thawj Cossacks los ntawm Caucasus, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm "roob Circassians", Karamzin taug qab lawv keeb kwm mus rau pab pawg Turkic ntawm Torks thiab Berendeys (leej twg tig los xav tias yog cov qub txeeg qub teg uas ploj lawm Scythians). Hauv nws qhov kev xav, cov neeg nyob hauv Lavxias, uas tau khiav tawm hauv kev nrhiav kev ywj pheej mus rau sab qab teb, sib xyaw nrog cov pej xeem hauv zej zog, tsim, qhov tseeb, yog cov neeg tshiab, "uas tau dhau los ua neeg Lavxias tag nrho."

Qhov tseeb, nyob rau lub sijhawm XIV-XV ib-paus xyoo, vim yog kev tsiv tebchaws ntau, muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm thaj av raws Dnieper, vim qhov uas cheeb tsam no tseem tau txais lub npe Cherkasy (lossis Circassia, hauv lwm qhov kev sau ntawv). Ib hom neeg ywj pheej uas tau sawv ntawm no nyiam cov neeg vim tias tsis muaj kev vam khom ntawm ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb, kev xaj dawb thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam tub rog hauv Crimea lossis txawm tias Qaib Cov Txwv.

Karamzin piav txog Cherkass Cossacks nyob ntawm no "cov neeg uas hais peb hom lus, qhia peb txoj kev ntseeg, thiab hauv lawv tus kheej lawv sawv cev sib xyaw ntawm European thiab Asian yam ntxwv; tib neeg tsis muaj zog hauv kev ua tub rog, cov neeg caij nees thiab cov neeg caij tsheb, qee zaum tawv ncauj, tawv ncauj, tsis nyiam, tab sis los ntawm kev siv dag zog thiab mob siab rau, tshem tawm lawv qhov kev ua txhaum. " Cossack muaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob hauv qis dua ntawm Dnieper tau hu kosh (lo lus "kosh" yog los ntawm Turkic keeb kwm thiab txhais tau tias yog chaw pw hav zoov, lo lus "nomad" ntawm cov hauv paus zoo sib xws), lawv cov neeg nyob hauv tau koom nrog kev lag luam xws li yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses, thiab tseem tau ua muv bees. Cossacks hu lawv tus kheej "Zaporozhian Army", thiab Zaporozhian Sich dhau los ua peev ntawm pab tub rog no.

Christian Republic ntawm ntug dej ntawm Dnieper

Zaporizhzhya Sich tau muaj txog li ob thiab ib nrab xyoo lawm, thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kws sau keeb kwm suav txog 8 qhov ua tiav "Sich", uas yog nws cov chaw nyob ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov chaw muaj kev ruaj ntseg yog cov tub rog koom pheej, thiab cov koom pheej ntseeg nyob hauv thawj qhov chaw. Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Cossacks yog thiab tseem yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm thaj av yav qab teb los ntawm Tatars thiab Turks, qhov kev tawm tsam rau kev nthuav dav ntawm Crimean Khanate. Thiab yog tias haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Cossacks tseem muaj qhov sib txawv (haiv neeg tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev nkag mus rau pab tub rog, ntxiv rau, Cossacks feem ntau sib yuav poj niam uas raug ntes hauv phiaj xwm), Kev ntseeg Orthodox tsuas yog tsim nyog rau Zaporozhian raws li lub peev xwm tuav riam phom.

Lub peev ntawm Cossack koom pheej tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm siab nrog lub laj kab thiab cov laj kab cav uas cov phom tau teeb tsa. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias lo lus "Sich" muaj lub hauv paus zoo ib yam li "txua", "thais", uas yog, nws txhais tau tias yog txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntoo. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev hais daws muaj ib lub xwmfab uas lub tsev teev ntuj sawv, ua lag luam, tsev kawm ntawv, tub rog thiab kev tsim vaj tsev, ntxiv rau lub tsev tus thawj coj nyob ze. Lub tsev teev ntuj hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua txhua lub koom txoos ua haujlwm ntawm Sich, thiab kev kawm txog Vaj Lug Kub yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tau hais tias muaj ib hom kev tsis raws cai uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm txhua tus neeg uas xav kom raug lees txais rau hauv Qib ntawm Cossacks. Tus neeg yuav los sib tw yuav tsum:

- kom muaj kev ywj pheej thiab tsis muaj txij nkawm. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab txoj haujlwm hauv zej zog tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm, tab sis tus kheej tsis yog neeg dawb (piv txwv li, qhev) raug tsis lees paub txoj kev mus rau Cossacks. - Kev ntseeg Orthodox thiab paub txog kev thov Vajtswv. Cov Cossacks tseem lees txais cov Turks, Tatars thiab cov neeg Yudais, tab sis nrog qhov xwm txheej yuav tsum ua kev cai raus dej rau hauv kev ntseeg Orthodox. - muaj peev xwm hais "Cossack lus."

Raws li txoj cai, cov neeg tuaj tshiab tau muab "Cossack" npe menyuam yaus (piv txwv li, Lisitsa, Ne-piy-npias, thiab zoo li), uas tom qab ntawd dhau los ua lub npe menyuam yaus.

Zaporozhye Cossacks txuas ntxiv mus hu ua "Me Russian Cherkassians" txog thaum xyoo pua 18th (tom qab lub npe tiag "Cossacks" tau siv). Lub hauv paus "Cherkas" lossis "Circassian" tseem tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ntau lub npe Lavxias thiab Ukrainian (Cherkasov, Cherkashchenko, Cherkalin, thiab lwm yam, ntxiv rau tsev neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Cherkasskys), nyob rau ntau qhov chaw nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm ob lub xeev; Hauv Kremlin muaj lub tshav puam Cherkassky (lossis Cherkassky courtyard, los ntawm cov tswv ntawm lub npe), koj tseem tuaj yeem rov nco txog Bolshoi thiab Maly Cherkassky kab ntawm Moscow … Cov npe yuav dhau los ua qhov zoo nkauj heev. Thiab lub tsho tiv thaiv Circassian coj los ntawm Caucasus nyiam tsis yog Cossacks nkaus xwb: nws tau hnav nrog kev txaus siab los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias feem ntau. Baron Wrangel, leej twg thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob tau raug hu ua "dub baron", tshuav lub npe menyuam yaus no rau nws lub tsho dub Circassian niaj hnub.

Rau kev pabcuam ntawm tebchaws Russia

Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yeej ib txwm ua tsaug rau Cossacks rau lawv cov tub rog zoo. Zaporozhye Cossacks tau koom nrog hauv Tsov Rog-Turkish ua ib feem ntawm Rumyantsev pab tub rog, thiab tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm Zaporozhye Sich xyoo 1775, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Catherine II, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Potemkin tau koom nrog lawv txoj hmoo. Muaj kev nyiam Cossacks txij li kev tshaj tawm Crimean, nws tab tom nrhiav los ntawm tus huab tais tsim kev tsim tub rog tshiab - Pab Pawg ntawm Cov Neeg Zaporozhians Ncaj Ncees (tsis zoo li Transdanubian Sich, tsim tom qab kev tawg ntawm Zaporozhye hauv Qaib Cov Txwv thiab tsis raws cai raws cai rau lub Turkish sultan). Cossack units nyob rau hauv ib lub npe lossis lwm qhov koom nrog yuav luag txhua qhov kev tsov rog ua los ntawm Lavxias Lub Tebchaws, Cossack cov tub rog muaj nyob hauv Lavxias tus neeg saib xyuas, thiab Nws Imperial Majesty tus kheej Convoy, uas tiv thaiv tsar, kuj yog Cossack.

Txuas ntxiv lub ncauj lus - leej twg raug coj los ua poj niam los ntawm Cossacks dawb, los ntawm leej twg tuaj ua neeg muaj zog thiab txawv.