Nikita besogon - tus neeg tua neeg dawb huv Nikita, ntiab dab tawm ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig thiab cov cim los ntawm Tver

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Ntawm qhov pom pom sau hauv lub nroog Tver ntawm cov ntug dej tawg ntawm Volga, Tvertsa, thiab Tmaka dej, pab pawg tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig piav qhia txog kev tuag dawb huv Nikita lub besogon. Kev pom zoo ib yam tau paub hauv Staritsa thiab nws ib puag ncig, nrog rau hauv Rzhev, Torzhok thiab Beliy Gorodok. Cov phiaj xwm no tau ntev tau nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb.

Hauv Chetyrkin thiab NG Dobrykin tau tshaj tawm txog cov ncauj lus no ntawm X Archaeological Congress hauv Riga hauv 1Q%. IN Okuneva tshuaj xyuas kom ntxaws cov cim qhia txog St. Nikita Besogon: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb (A. V. Ryndina, S. V. Gnutova), cov phiaj xwm no feem ntau raug rau cov monuments ntawm Novgorod-Tver lub voj voog ntawm XIV-XVI ib puas xyoo [3]. Nws rov qab mus rau Phau Tshiab Apocrypha "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Nikita kev tsim txom" (Lub Neej ntawm St. Nikita, Nikitin qhov kev tsim txom), cov npe uas tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm AN Pypin thiab luam tawm los ntawm Count Kushedev-Bezborodko [4].

paub hauv ntau cov npe hauv lus Greek thiab Slavic. Lawv rov qab los rau XII-XVI ib-paus xyoo. Hauv txoj haujlwm no, peb siv cov npe l ntawm xyoo pua 16th. qub Rumyantsev Tsev khaws puav pheej, luam tawm los ntawm N. Tikhonravov [5]. Nws kuj muaj cov dab neeg rau Nikita, tus tub ntawm Emperor Maximian. Zaj dab neeg ntawm nws txoj kev ntseeg hauv Vajtswv, piav qhia txog kev tsim txom nws tiv rau kev ntseeg, nws raug dab ntxias, hais dab neeg ntawm nws txoj kev tuag thiab tom qab txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Cov xwm txheej hauv apocrypha txhim kho raws li hauv qab no: Nikita raug tsim txom tsib zaug, xav kom nws tso tseg thiab ua haujlwm rau "vajtswv" vaj tswv. Tab sis rau nws txoj kev ntseeg tsis muaj kev txwv, Vajtswv coj nws tsis raug mob los ntawm txhua qhov kev tsim txom. Lawv muab nws pov rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Tom qab ntawd dab ntxwg nyoog tau tshwm sim rau nws hauv cov khaub ncaws tubtxib saum ntuj thiab, ua tus xa xov ntawm Vajtswv, pib yaum nws kom ua haujlwm rau cov vajtswv "mlom".

Txhua qhov ua xyem xyav, tus neeg tua neeg tau tig mus thov Vajtswv, yog li nws yuav pab nws paub nws. Thiab tus thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Michael tau tshwm sim rau nws, muab lus qhia rau qhov raug "Vajtswv tus tub txib" los sim. Nikita ua dab tsi:. Dab ntxwg nyoog tau nyuaj lub sijhawm, thiab nws tau lees txim hauv nws cov phiaj xwm dub (Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Dab Ntxwg Nyoog). Yog li, Nikita tshem tawm dab ntxwg nyoog txoj kev ntxias thiab ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj kev ntseeg.

Apocrypha hauv Orthodoxy hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg ntseeg cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tau lees paub tias dawb huv; qhov peb tab tom txiav txim siab hais txog Phau Tshiab. Hauv nws tus cwj pwm rau lawv, ROC tau mus los ntawm lawv txoj kev saws me nyuam (lawv tuaj rau Russia nrog rau Orthodoxy thiab tau nthuav dav) kom ua tiav kev txwv, thaum qee tus ntawm lawv tau tso cai nyeem, thiab qee qhov tau suav nrog hauv "Index" ntawm cov ntawv txwv nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. Ntawm lawv peb ntsib peb

Rau yuav luag 600 xyoo ntawm lub neej, zaj dab neeg txog Nikita tsis tau hloov pauv. Hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Christian, txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke txhua tus dab sib ntaus (Archangel Michael, Isikhail, St. Dmitry, St. Martyr Nikita ntawm Gotha, St. Martyr Nikita) tau pib sib koom ua ib daim duab ntawm tus yeej, ua piv txwv txog kev yeej ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv Qhov no tau hais tawm hauv kev tawm ntawm cov lus piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Apocrypha thiab nrhiav tau los ntawm cov neeg tua dab ntawm ntau tus yam ntxwv sib xws (khaub ncaws, txoj hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam).

Txog rau hnub tim, ntau dua 140 tus neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov duab ntawm St. tsim txom. Nikita. Ntawm lawv: nyem los ntawm Dmitrovsky Cathedral hauv Vladimir (1197). icons (XVII-XVIII centuries). fresco (1502), ntau lub pob zeb thiab cov cim hlau thiab cov ntoo khaub lig, ntxiv rau cov duab puab ntoo los ntawm Moscow Kremlin (thaum xyoo pua 17th).

1. Cov duab ntoo khaub lig piav qhia txog Kev Tuag Dawb Huv Nikita lub Besogon

Muaj 102 tus neeg nqa khoom paub txog rau hnub no. Geography ntawm kev pom yog qhov dav heev: Kaluga (7), Kiev (4), Ryazan (4), Smolensk (1). 85 qhov pom tau cuam tshuam nrog Tver cheeb tsam: Tver (67), Staritsa (7), Bely Gorodok (5), Rzhev (3), Torzhok (1). Lawv tau khaws cia hauv tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tver, St. Petersburg thiab tus lej ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug.

Muaj cov ntoo khaub lig ua los ntawm kev nqa cov khoom hauv qhov chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm txheej txheej kab lis kev cai (72), feem ntau qhov no yog ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Volga thiab kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm (2).

Cov koog ntawm qhov pom tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov kev sau ntau tshaj plaws. Rau Tver, qhov no yog Zatmatsky Posad (thaj chaw ntawm lub chaw ntau pob tshiab), ib leeg pom los ntawm Kremlin, Zagorodsky thiab Zatveretsky Posad thiab Barminovka. Ntxiv rau cov khoom tiav, ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig hauv qab kev txiav txim siab yog 15 daim ntawv theej. tsis ua tiav nrog kev tsim khoom (lawv tsis tau siv lub qhov muag, tsis pom tawm ntawm cov nplai thiab pwm; muaj 2-3 tus ntoo khaub lig, pov rau hauv qhov ntxhib thiab txuas rau ib leeg) lossis sawv cev rau kev sib yuav (uas yog, lub qhov muag lossis ib qho ntawm qhov kawg tsis rov ua dua). Lawv tuaj ntawm Zatmatsky Posad (13 pcs.) Thiab Barminovskaya Sloboda (2 pcs., Cov nqi them ua ntej-kiv puag ncig). Kev tshawb pom ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj ntawm ib yam tseem cuam tshuam nrog Zatmatsky Posad, pom tau los ntawm kev ntxuav tawm ntawm lub rooj cob qhia tooj liab. Cov no yog 18 tus ntoo khaub lig (14 raug luag pov tseg) thiab, ntxiv rau, 2 qhov tooj liab me me (?). Lawv tau pom nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19. ntawm ntug dej. Volga tawm tsam lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Boris thiab Gleb [6].

Ib qho ntxiv, thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm hauv Zatmatsky Posad xyoo 1990 (E. V. Kalinina thiab A. Khokhlov, kev khawb av No. 7), ntau qhov nyuaj nrog cov khib nyiab los ntawm cov tooj dag tau tsim. Ntawm qhov pom muaj cov ntoo khaub lig tsis zoo, tawg ntawm crucibles. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog seem ntawm lub rooj cob qhia tooj liab.

Peb pom los ntawm Staritsa los ntawm cov txheej txheem toj ntxas tawg. Raws li kev sib koom pom ntawm cov nyiaj npib tshwj xeeb, lawv tuaj yeem sau hnub tim rau xyoo 14th-15th. [7).

Pom los ntawm Bely Gorodok [5] kuj yog los ntawm lub toj ntxas tawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. 4 Txhua tus ntoo khaub lig raug txiav txim siab nrog daim duab Nikita lub Besogon tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: 48x30 mm, 27x17 mm). Peb muaj 10 daim ntawv theej ntawm lawv: Tver - 6 Staritsa - 3, Torzhok - 1. Lawv tau ua, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab tsuas yog ib qho (los ntawm Torzhok) - los ntawm pob txha.

Duab ntawm St. tsim txom. Nikita tuaj yeem nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, hauv qab lossis nraub qaum. Nrog rau ntau qhov kev xam pom, ntxiv rau St. Nikita, cov duab ntawm Tus Cawm Seej Tsis Ua Los Ntawm Tes, St. Nikola, Crucifixion, thaj av ntawm 12 hnub so.

Los ntawm typology, cov ntoo khaub lig no tau muab faib ua:

- plaub-taw qhia nrog cov duab plaub (7 pcs.) Feem ntau tsis tau tshaj tawm. Thawj thawj zaug cov ntoo khaub lig no tau luam tawm los ntawm A. K. Zhiznevsky, yuam kev yos hav zoov nyob rau tiam 12-12. [6]. Lawv rov los txog rau tiam 14th-16th centuries los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no.

- plaub-taw qhia nrog sib npaug xaus (3 pcs.). Paub hauv cov ntawv nyeem ua pseudo-encolpions ntawm hom Moscow. Nyob rau XV-XVI ib-paus xyoo. [yim].

b) pectoral ntoo khaub lig. Lawv loj me me: 22x15 mm, 22x11 mm (75 daim). Ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab txhuas-tin alloy, billon (?).

Duab ntawm St. tsim txom. Nikita (vim yog qhov chaw me me, feem ntau muaj kev pom zoo) hauv nruab nrab. Ntawm ob sab tej zaum yuav muaj cov ntawv sau: "NIKI", "NIKITA", "NIKITIA". Feem ntau los ntawm Tver (66), kuj tseem muaj pom los ntawm Staritsa (1), Bely Gorodok (5), Rzhev (3). Tus ntoo khaub lig los ntawm Staritsa thiab Bely Gorodok los ntawm cov txheej txheem toj ntxas tawg.

Cov khaub ncaws hnav tuaj yeem yog ib sab lossis ob sab. Ntawm qhov rov qab, feem ntau - thov zam txim rau tus ntoo khaub lig dawb huv lossis muab txoj sia ("Peb pehawm Koj Tus Ntoo Khaublig …"). Kev thov Vajtswv, raws li txoj cai, tau muab zais rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv loj (zoo li "BBBB" - "Kev raug txim ntawm Vajtswv kom raug dab").

Los ntawm typology, lawv tau muab faib ua:

- plaub-taw qhia nrog cov duab plaub. Pom hauv Tver Rzhev, Staritsa raws ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Volga. Tshaj tawm los ntawm AK Zhiznevsky (sau hnub tim rau xyoo 16th-7th), NF Romanchenko (sau los ntawm tiam 14th-15th centuries), VG Putsko (hnub tim 16th century) [8].

plaub-taw tes nrog beveled sab (2 daim). Ib ntawm lawv ntsuas 22x10 mm (tsis tau tshaj tawm).

- plaub-taw tes hla nrog nthuav cov hniav (zoo li rab phom lossis Austrian). Dimensions (16x12 mm - tawg tawm). Hla ntawm cov duab zoo sib xws tau paub nyob rau yav qab teb Russia [9].

Ib qho kev ntseeg tag nrho yog cuam tshuam nrog kev hla hauv kab lis kev cai Lavxias. Lawv tau nthuav dav ntawm cov pejxeem. Lawv tau ua los ntawm kub, nyiaj, ntoo, pob txha, ntau yam khoom siv hlau, tab sis feem ntau yog los ntawm tooj liab. Feem ntau faus nrog tooj liab lossis ntoo khaub lig ntoo, nyiaj thiab hlau ntoo khaub lig tsis hnav rau ntawm tus neeg tuag.

Raws li cov lus dab neeg, tus ntoo khaub lig pectoral nrog ob (?) Cov duab ntawm St. Nikita koom nrog Sergius ntawm Radonezh (tom qab khaws cia hauv Pavlo-Obnorsky monastery ntawm Vologda xeev) [10].

Tooj liab hla txawm tias thaum kawg. XVI xyoo zoo heev thiab tsis tuaj yeem nkag tau rau txhua tus, raws li peb pom cov lus hais hauv Lub Neej ntawm Tus Txiv Plig Irinarch ntawm Rostov (XVI xyoo pua) [11].

2. Cov duab thiab cov duab piav qhia txog Kev Tuag Dawb Huv Nikita lub Besogon

Txog rau hnub tim, 33 tus neeg nqa daim duab tau paub. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm lawv tsis tuaj yeem hais txog georeferenced vim lawv keeb kwm los ntawm tus kheej ua ntej kev tawm tsam sau.

Kwv yees li 20 tus neeg nqa khoom cuam tshuam nrog Moscow, nrog Ryazan - 4, nrog Bryansk - 1, Rostov - 1, Tver - 6 thiab Staritsa - 1. Lawv feem ntau khaws cia hauv tsev khaws puav pheej. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm slate nrog teeb tsa hauv cov nyiaj, tag nrho los ntawm cov hlau-nyiaj lossis tooj liab.

Peb lub cim slate tau cuam tshuam nrog Tver, vam khom feem ntau ntawm cov phiaj xwm. Lawv tau tshaj tawm zoo heev [12], thiab nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tshuaj xyuas lawv hauv txoj haujlwm no. Peb yuav txwv peb tus kheej nkaus xwb rau npe thiab sib tham:

1. Ascension - Nikita nrog dab (XIV -XV ct). 2. Dormition - Nikita nrog dab (XIV -XV centuries) 3. Christ Pantokrator - Nikita nrog dab (XIV -XV ib puas xyoo).

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj nyob hauv cov khoom ntiag tug hauv Tver ntawm lub cim tooj liab nrog cov pleev xim nrog Nikita lub Besogon (Cov yas yas qub ntawm lig 17th-18th xyoo pua), ntxiv rau kev nrhiav pom lub tsho khuam hauv Bely Gorodok thiab lub cim zeb nrog Nikita hauv Kimry hauv 60-70 -x xyoo XX xyoo pua 5

Lub cim (lub tsho me me) los ntawm Staritsa yog qhov txaus siab heev. Tus sau ntawm kev tshawb pom nws nyob rau tiam 14th-15th centuries. (NF Romanchenko) [7]. Ib qho piv txwv tau pom hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Bryansk (BOKM, Inn. N 11381). Nws qhov ntev yog 20x30 mm (qub - 23x25 mm), lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, cov neeg dawb huv hauv cov khaub ncaws zoo li lub tsho thiab lub tsho khuam blunts dab nrog rab pas nrig (?), Kuaj nws nrog nws txhais taw. Nws los ntawm kev nqa cov khoom thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ze lub zos. Ryabtsevo, hnub tim rau lub xyoo pua 16th. 6 Staritskaya icon tau pom ntawm ib qho ntawm qhov kev faus neeg ntawm lub toj ntxas ntawm 14th-15th caug xyoo. ntawm ntug dej. Volga, khawb los ntawm NF Romanchenko xyoo 1896 [7].

Kev suav sau cov kev soj ntsuam dhau ntawm daim duab ntawm St. tsim txom. Nikita los ntawm ob pab pawg pom, peb tuaj yeem kos cov lus xaus hauv qab no

Lub hav zoov ntawm cov phiaj xwm no hauv Russia, suav txog 600 xyoo, yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm peb yam: a) duab ntawm Nikita nws tus kheej, b) duab ntawm dab (dab ntxwg nyoog), c) cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov phiaj xwm, txoj haujlwm ntawm Nikita thiab cov dab sib txheeb rau ib leeg, xav txog peb yam no hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws.

a) Nikita tau hais txog cov hluas (tsis muaj plaub hau), nruab nrab-hnub nyoog lossis laus dua (khoov rov qab, hwj txwv). St. cov neeg tuag tam sim no yog luv-brimmed (zoo li lub caftan), txoj siv sia, tom qab ntawd ntev-brimmed (zoo li lub tsho loj monastic), nrog lossis tsis muaj lub tsho khuam. Muaj cov duab ntawm Nikita hauv cov ris tsho hnav thiab lub kaus mom hlau.

b) Dab (dab ntxwg nyoog) yuav luag ib txwm piav qhia hauv qhov profile, sim khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg dawb huv txhais tes. Nws cov plaub hau tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "cap" (cov plaub hau ib txwm muaj ntawm dab phem) Ua tau, los ntawm cov plaub hau ntawm nws cov neeg dawb huv thiab tuav. Dab ntxwg nyoog lub cev tsis muaj liab qab, nyob tom qab nws nraub qaum, dai tis, nws txhais caj npab tau nthuav mus rau tom ntej, qee zaum muaj tus pas nrig tuav ntawm nws txhais tes. Muaj cov duab ntawm dab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm me me imp lossis qee yam zoo ib yam li cov nqaij qaib luv luv.

c) Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ntaus tus dab los ntawm cov neeg tua neeg tuaj yeem tso tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj (lub qhov taub -?) Nikita tuaj yeem tuav tus dab los zaum thiab sawv, tuav tus dab hnyav lossis tsoo nws nrog ib txhais ceg.

Coj mus rau hauv tus account cov duab hnub tim ntawm Nikita ntawm ntau yam xov xwm thiab tsim cov phiaj xwm ntawm zaj dab neeg lub neej kom ze li sai tau rau cov ntawv ntawm "Tale …" kom txog thaum yuav luag tag qhov kev sib txuas tsis txuas nrog nws, peb tau txais lub sijhawm los qhia meej kev sib tham (IN Okuneva, TV Nikolaev) St. tuag. Peb muaj peb hom duab.

1. Thawj hom (Daim duab 1. 2, 3) yog ze rau "Legend …". Tus neeg dawb huv hauv lub tsho ntev ntev zaum, sawv, lossis sawv ib sab ntawm lub rooj ntev zaum. Dab tau piav raws li tib neeg. Kev tshem tawm ntaus nws nrog khawm. Dating - XII -XV ib -paus xyoo. Cov nqa khoom: cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig (xyoo pua 12th), cov ntoo khaub lig pectoral (14th-15th centuries), lub tsho khuam hla (14th-15th centuries), cov cim (14th-15th centuries).

2. Hom thib ob (Daim duab 4-10). Nikita sawv. St. tua neeg tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Dab feem ntau yog luav los yog qaib. St. tus neeg tua neeg tam sim no nrog txoj hlua, tam sim no nrog txoj saw, tam sim no nrog tus pin dov (?) lossis nrog cov hlua khi (yob). Kev sib txuas nrog "Lus dab neeg …" yog pib ploj mus. Cov nqa khoom: cov cim (XV-XVI ib xyoos), pectoral crosses (XV-XVI centuries), tsho khuam hla (XV-XVI ib puas xyoo). Cov cim qub ntseeg (XVIII-XIX ib puas xyoo) tau suav nrog ntawm no yog qhov zam (txhob txwm khaws cia ntawm qub Lavxias kev lig kev cai).

3. Hom thib peb (daim duab. 11-14). Duab ntawm St. Nikita yog ib qho yooj yim heev. Ib qho ntxiv, muaj qhov nyiam sib koom ua ke cov duab ntawm txhua tus dab sib ntaus sib tua rau hauv ib qho. Cov neeg dawb huv tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws tub rog. Nws tseem tuaj yeem tua tus dab (dab) nrog lub cim ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig. Yuav luag tag qhov kev sib txuas tsis tiav nrog cov ntawv "Tales …" Hom ntawm XVII xyoo pua yog hnub tim. Cov nqa khoom: ntoo duab puab (thaum xyoo pua 17th), cov cim (17th-19th centuries), duab tha xim (Kaluga, xyoo pua 17th), telnik crosses (17th century).

Hauv kev xaus, cov hauv qab no yuav tsum tau hais txog:

- pom hauv Tver ntawm ntau tus ntoo khaub lig (60%), tag nrho cov khoom paub ntawm cov khoom ib nrab ntawm cov khoom tiav thiab kev sib yuav nrog cov duab ntawm tus neeg tua neeg dawb huv Nikita Besogon, seem ntawm cov tooj dag casting kev cob qhia, tsis muaj pom cov ntoo khaub lig zoo li no hauv Novgorod - txhua qhov no tso cai rau peb ua tus yam ntxwv uas tau pom ua ntej Novgorod -Tver vajvoog, feem ntau yog rau Tver cov khoom qub;

- pom pectoral crosses thiab tsho khuam nyob ze Staraya Ryazan [8], hauv Kaluga, Kiev, Rzhev, ntxiv rau cov cim-tsho tsho hauv Staritsa, Bely Gorodok thiab thaj tsam Bryansk tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ua haujlwm ntawm Tver vajvoog. Thiab xws li kev faib dav ntawm kev pom (piv txwv li, nrhiav ze St.

- kev muaj lub ntsiab lus nrog tus neeg tua neeg dawb huv Nikita muaj cov sijhawm hauv qab no: pob zeb nyem rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hnub poob ntawm Dmitrovsky Cathedral hauv Vladimir (1197) - Cov cim qub ntseeg (XVIII -XIX centuries). Lub sijhawm ntawm kev faib loj tshaj yog qhov thib ib nrab. XIV - 1st floor. XVI ib.