Novgorod birch tawv tsiaj ntawv - cov ntawv uas tuaj tom qab 600 xyoo

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Tus txiv neej niaj hnub no xav paub tias nws cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob ntau pua xyoo dhau los: lawv xav txog dab tsi, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo, lawv hnav dab tsi, lawv noj dab tsi, lawv siv zog ua dab tsi? Thiab daim ntawv tshaj tawm tsuas yog hais txog kev ua tsov ua rog, kev tsim kho lub tuam tsev tshiab, kev tuag ntawm cov thawj coj, kev xaiv tsa tus npis sov, hnub ci dab noj hnub thiab kis kab mob. Thiab ntawm no cov ntoo tawv ntoo tuaj yeem pab, uas cov kws sau keeb kwm xav txog qhov tshwm sim tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm Lavxias.

Dab tsi yog birch bark tsab ntawv

Cov tsiaj ntawv tawv ntoo yog cov ntawv, cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua los ntawm cov tawv ntoo. Niaj hnub no cov kws sau keeb kwm paub tseeb tias cov ntoo tawv ntoo tau ua cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg hauv tebchaws Russia ua ntej pom cov parchment thiab ntawv. Kev lig kev cai, cov ntoo tawv ntoo tau muab rau lub sijhawm XI-XV ib puas xyoo, txawm li cas los xij Artsikhovsky thiab ntau tus neeg txhawb nws tau sib cav tias thawj cov tsiaj ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Novgorod hauv XIX-X centuries. Ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov, qhov kev tshawb pom keeb kwm yav dhau los tau tig qhov kev pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no mus rau Ancient Russia thiab, qhov tseem ceeb dua li cas, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm saib nws los ntawm sab hauv.

Thawj daim ntawv ntoo tawv ntoo

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws yog Novgorod cov tsiaj ntawv uas cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws. Thiab qhov no yog to taub. Novgorod yog ib lub chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm Ancient Rus, uas tsis yog huab tais (zoo li Kiev) lossis tsis yog tus thawj tswj hwm (zoo li Vladimir). "Great Russia Republic of the Middle Ages" - qhov no yog li cas socialist Marx hu ua Novgorod.

Thawj daim ntawv ntoo tawv ntoo tau pom thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, 1951 thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm Dmitrovskaya Street hauv Novgorod. Tsab ntawv tau pom nyob hauv qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov plag tsev ntawm cov plag tsev ntawm txoj kev pavement ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los yog cov ntoo tawv ntoo tawv ntoo, uas, yog tias tsis yog rau cov ntawv, tuaj yeem yuam kev rau nuv ntses ntab. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias tsab ntawv tau tawg los ntawm ib tus neeg thiab raug ntiab tawm ntawm Txoj Kev Kholopya (qhov no yog li cas nws tau raug hu nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog), nws khaws ntau qhov loj ntawm cov ntawv ntsig txog. Muaj 13 kab ntawv hauv tsab ntawv - tsuas yog 38 cm. Txoj cai tau teev tseg cov zos uas tau them lub luag haujlwm rau qee tus Roma. Tom qab pom thawj zaug, lwm tus ua raws.

Novgorodians thaum ub sau txog dab tsi?

Cov tsiaj ntawv tawv ntoo ntawm Birch muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv heev. Yog li, piv txwv li, tsab ntawv 155 yog daim ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub tsev hais plaub, uas xaj tus neeg raug foob kom them nyiaj rau tus foob rau qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm 12 hryvnia. Diploma number 419 - phau ntawv thov Vajtswv. Tab sis tsab ntawv ntawm tus lej 497 tau caw Gregory tus niam tais los nyob hauv Novgorod.

Cov ntoo tawv ntoo uas tus kws sau ntawv xa tuaj rau tus tswv hais tias: "".

Ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tau pom cov ntawv hlub thiab txawm tias yog kev caw tuaj koom rau hnub sib raug zoo. Ib tsab ntawv los ntawm nws tus muam mus rau nws tus nus tau pom, hauv qhov nws sau tias nws tus txiv coj nws tus hluas nkauj los tsev, thiab lawv, qaug cawv, ntaus nws ib nrab kom tuag. Nyob hauv tib tsab ntawv, tus muam thov kom nws tus nus tuaj sai li sai tau thiab thov kev pab rau nws.

Birch tawv tsiaj ntawv, raws li nws muab tawm, tau siv tsis yog tsuas yog ntawv, tab sis kuj yog tshaj tawm. Piv txwv li, tsab ntawv 876 muaj lus ceeb toom tias kev kho dua tshiab yuav tshwm rau ntawm lub xwmfab hauv ob peb hnub tom ntej no.

Tus nqi ntawm cov ntoo ntoo tawv ntoo, raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias feem coob ntawm cov no yog cov tsiaj ntawv niaj hnub, los ntawm qhov uas koj tuaj yeem kawm ntau yam txog Novgorodians lub neej.

Cov lus ntawm birch tawv tsiaj ntawv

Qhov kev tshawb pom nthuav dav cuam tshuam nrog cov tsiaj ntawv tawv ntoo yog qhov tseeb tias lawv cov lus (sau Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic) txawv me ntsis ntawm cov keeb kwm uas tau siv los pom. Cov lus ntawm cov tawv ntoo tawv ntoo muaj ntau qhov sib txawv hauv kev sau ntawm qee cov lus thiab cov ntawv sib txuas ua ke. Muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev tso cov cim cim cim tseg. Tag nrho cov no coj cov kws tshawb fawb mus rau qhov xaus tias cov lus Slavonic qub yog sib txawv heev thiab muaj ntau yam lus, uas qee zaum txawv ntawm ib leeg. Qhov kev xav no tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntxiv hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia.

Muaj pes tsawg tus ntawv tag nrho

Txog rau hnub no, 1,050 tus ntawv tau pom hauv Novgorod, nrog rau ib daim ntawv ntoo-tawv ntoo. Cov ntawv tau pom nyob hauv lwm lub nroog Lavxias qub. 8 tsab ntawv tau pom hauv Pskov. Hauv Torzhok - 19. Hauv Smolensk - 16 tus tsiaj ntawv. Hauv Tver - 3 daim ntawv pov thawj, thiab hauv Moscow - tsib. Hauv Old Ryazan thiab Nizhny Novgorod, tau pom ib tsab ntawv. Cov tsiaj ntawv zoo ib yam tau pom hauv lwm thaj chaw Slavic. Hauv Belarusian Vitebsk thiab Mstislavl - ib tsab ntawv txhua, thiab hauv Ukraine, hauv Zvenigorod Galitsky - peb daim ntawv ntoo tawv ntoo. Qhov tseeb no qhia tias cov ntawv tawv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo tsis yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Novgorodians thiab ua rau nrov nrov myth txog ancient Russia - lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsis paub ntawv tag nrho ntawm cov tib neeg.

Kawm tshawb fawb

Kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntoo tawv ntoo ntawv tseem tab tom ua. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau kawm kom ntxaws thiab txiav txim siab. Cov ntawv kawg pom tsis muaj cov tsiaj ntawv, tab sis kos duab. Tsuas yog hauv Novgorod, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tshawb pom peb daim ntawv-kos duab, ob ntawm lawv yog, feem ntau yuav yog tus tub huabtais cov tub rog, thiab tus thib peb muaj cov duab ntawm poj niam daim ntawv.

Qhov paub tsis meej rau cov kws tshawb fawb yog qhov tseeb npaum li cas Novgorodians sib pauv cov tsiaj ntawv thiab leej twg xa cov ntawv mus rau qhov chaw nyob ntxiv. Hmoov tsis zoo, txog tam sim no tsuas muaj kev xav nyob ntawm qhov qhab nia no. Nws muaj peev xwm uas twb tau nyob hauv xyoo pua 11th Novgorod muaj nws tus kheej lub chaw xa ntawv lossis tsawg kawg yog "kev xa khoom xa tuaj" tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov ntoo tawv ntoo.

Tsis muaj qhov ntxim nyiam keeb kwm ntsiab lus cov tuam tsev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg Slavs thaum ub, los ntawm qhov uas ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov poj niam Slavic thaum ub.