10 qhov tseeb tsis txaus ntseeg txog lub ntiaj teb puag thaum ub uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pom

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Cov neeg laus tau sau lawv lub neej los ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv ntau txoj hauv kev, los ntawm pob zeb slabs mus rau cov ntawv tawv. Ua tsaug rau cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau qhib cov tshooj tshiab ntawm keeb kwm thiab kawm txog yam tsis tau xav txog ntawm lub neej yav dhau los. Qee zaum ib daim ntawv zoo li no tuaj yeem hloov pauv lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm keeb kwm tshwj xeeb.

1. "Ib puas Txoj Cai Ua Tsov Rog"

Tsukahara Bokuden yog tus samurai zoo thiab muaj peev xwm yog tus sau phau ntawv xav paub Ib puas Txoj Cai Kev Tsov Rog, uas tsis ntev los no tau muab txhais ua lus Askiv. Phau ntawv qhia tswv yim txog kev sib ntaus thiab yuav ua li cas "samurai" tiag tiag. Ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, tsis tsim nyog ntawm samurai, yog tus cwj pwm xws li tsis haus cawv thiab tsis nyiam caij nees. Txawm hais tias kev sau ntawv tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj, ntau tus ntseeg tias phau ntawv tau suav ua ke nyob rau xyoo kawg ntawm Bokuden lub neej (1489-1571).

Qhov txaus siab, qhov kev qhia no tsis yog tsuas yog teeb tsa txoj cai, tab sis theej sau cov nkauj. Cov nkauj no tsom mus rau ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub neej samurai, los ntawm lub npe zoo tshaj plaws rau tus menyuam yug hauv chav tub rog, kom nco ntsoov tias tsis yog lub neej thiab kev tuag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, thiab koj ib txwm xav tau mus rau tom ntej. Daim ntawv no tseem qhia txog cov ncauj lus txaus nyiam txog kev qhia thiab kev npaj ua tsov rog. Piv txwv li, mov nrog dej kub, plums qhuav thiab taum kib tau pom zoo tias yog khoom noj khoom haus zoo tshaj plaws.

2. Daim ntawv cog lus sib yuav

Kwv yees li 4,000 xyoo dhau los, nkawm niam txiv tau ntes lawv daim ntawv cog lus sib yuav ntawm av nplaum. Thaum cov av nplaum no tau pom nyob rau xyoo 2017 ntawm Kultepe Kanish archaeological site hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, nws sai tau pom meej tias feem ntau ntawm daim ntawv cog lus yog rau menyuam yaus. Ib khub niam txiv Assyrian, Lakipum thiab Khatala, tau pom zoo los sim tsim lawv cov xeeb ntxwv hauv ob xyoos.

Yog tias tsis muaj menyuam, tom qab ntawd tus poj niam yuav tsum nrhiav niam txiv uas sawv cev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, Hatala yuav tsum yuav poj niam qhev rau nws tus txiv. Tom qab yug tus menyuam, Lakipum tau tso cai muag leej niam yog tias nws xav tau.

Daim ntawv cog lus yog qhov qub tshaj plaws uas hais txog kev muaj menyuam tsis taus thiab tsis muaj menyuam, txawm hais tias nyob hauv lub teeb sib txawv me ntsis dua li niaj hnub no. Thaum qhov no qhia txog kev ntseeg puag thaum ub tias ntxiv lawm tshob yog tus poj niam ua txhaum, daim ntawv cog lus muab rau kev sib nrauj. Tus neeg uas tau pib sib nrauj yuav tsum tau them rau lwm tus neeg tsib qhov ntsuas ntawm cov nyiaj.

3. Cov ntaub ntawv ua se thiab cov npe khoom lag luam

Egyptian mummy ntawm Chadingstone Castle hauv Kent tau ntev dhau los ua qhov tsis paub meej rau cov kws tshaj lij. Txhawm rau nyeem lub npe ntawm tus neeg tuag, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm lub npog npog los ntawm ib daim ntawv ntawm nplooj ntawv papyrus, uas ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau mummy. Xyoo 2017, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim txoj hauv kev tshuaj xyuas uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nyeem cov ntawv zais yam tsis ua mob rau tus niam.

3,000-xyoo-laus mummy ntawm tib neeg lub npe Iretirore. Siv papyrus tau siv los tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm mummy, tab sis cov ntawv ntawm nws tau muab zais nrog putty thiab plaster, yog li cov ntsiab lus tseem tsis tau paub rau ntau pua xyoo. Thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas, cov kws tshawb fawb pom, ntxiv rau lub npe, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Egyptian lub neej, suav nrog cov ntawv se thiab cov npe khoom lag luam.

4. "Lub hnub thiab lub hli tau ci ntsa iab …"

Egyptology yog thaj chaw tshawb fawb zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tab sis txawm tias muaj txoj cai ntawm txhua tus vaj ntxwv yog teeb meem ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Piv txwv li, ib tus vaj ntxwv nto moo tshaj plaws yog Ramses the Great. Hauv xyoo 2017, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib piv cov nqe lus hauv phau Vajlugkub nrog cov lus piav qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub stele. Pharaoh Merneptah, Ramses tus tub, piav qhia tias nws tau kov yeej cov neeg Ixayees li cas. Dab tsi ntawm ob phau ntawv no muaj ib qho yog qhov hais txog hnub qub hnub qub tshaj plaws.

Nqe lus los ntawm Phau Ntawv Yausua piav qhia li cas Yausua coj cov Yixayee mus rau tebchaws Khana -as. Txhawm rau kov yeej nws cov yeeb ncuab, nws tau ua tiav lub Hnub thiab Lub Hli kom tsis txhob txav mus. Cov ntawv tau poob siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb txog thaum lawv paub tias qhov kev txhais thawj los ntawm lus Hebrew rau Askiv tuaj yeem txhais ob txoj hauv kev. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov no txhais tau hais tias Lub Hnub thiab Lub Hli tsis ci. Cov ntawv sau ntawm lub stele ua tim khawv rau cov neeg Yixayee hauv tebchaws Khana-as nruab nrab ntawm 1500-1050. BC

Yog tias qhov xwm txheej Yexus piav qhia yog dab noj hnub, tom qab ntawd tsuas muaj dab noj hnub pom hauv Canaan thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Kaum Hli 30, 1207 BC. Lub tsev hais plaub tau hais tias nws tau kos duab thaum lub xyoo thib tsib ntawm txoj kev kav ntawm Merneptah. Yog tias qhov kev tshawb fawb no raug, Ramses txiav txim los ntawm 1276 txog 1210 BC.

5. "Voyage mus rau Hiav Txwv South"

Cov ntawv me me tau pom nyob ntawm tus poj huab tais Anne's Revenge, hais los ntawm tus neeg muaj npe nrov pirate Blackbeard. Xyoo 1718, lub nkoj tau poob ze rau North Carolina thiab yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev mob siab rau tsom xam txij li nws tau pom hauv xyoo 1996. Ntau yam khoom siv tau pom - riam phom, cuab yeej, thiab khoom cuav. Tab sis qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tau tshaj plaws yog 16 daim ntawv tsoo rau hauv rab phom.

Nws yog qhov nrhiav tau tsawg kawg, muab tias daim ntawv yuav luag tsis muaj sia nyob hauv dej, cia nyob ib leeg hauv qab rau peb ib puas xyoo. Nws tau muab tawm tias cov nplooj ntawv tau tawg los ntawm Voyage mus rau Hiav Txwv Sab Qab Teb, zaj dab neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj txog tus thawj tub rog uas, nrog rau lwm yam, piav qhia txog kev nqes hav ntug dej hiav txwv hauv Peru. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog ntxiv rau ib lub tsev qiv ntawv pirate. Tab sis tus neeg tsav nkoj twg muaj phau ntawv thiab yog vim li cas nws thiaj raug tsav mus rau hauv rab phom yog qhov tsis paub meej.

6. Horror vacui

Thaj, ntau daim duab qhia keeb kwm yav dhau los tau tsim los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam txaus siab rau kev kho cov duab qhia chaw tshaj li qhia cov ntaub ntawv kom raug. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov tsiaj hiav txwv, cov nroog xav tsis thoob thiab sau tsis raug "qhov tseeb". Thaum cov neeg yuav khoom nplua nuj xav kom daim duab qhia chaw dai kom zoo nkauj, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav xav tau thaj chaw zoo, tsis yog zaj nyob saum roob.

Qhov laj thawj yog kev ntshai saib tsis paub. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, cov kws kos duab tuaj yeem paub txog keeb kwm dab tsi hu ua Horror vacui (txhais los ntawm Latin li "ntshai kev tsis muaj dab tsi") - tsis txaus siab tawm ntawm qhov chaw khoob ntawm daim duab qhia chaw. Qhov txaus siab, cov kws sau duab lawv tus kheej tsis tau hais txog qhov txaus ntshai vacui, tshwj tsis yog hauv ib kis.

Dutchman Peter Planzius tau ntxiv daim ntawv qhia tseeb ntawm yav qab teb hemisphere lub ntuj rau nws daim ntawv qhia ntiaj teb 1592. Txawm hais tias nws tsis tau hais txog "kev ntshai ntawm qhov tsis muaj dab tsi," Plancius suav nrog daim ntawv piav qhia tias cov hnub qub hloov pauv mus rau yav qab teb hemisphere yog li nws yuav tsis nyob twj ywm. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 18th, qhov txaus ntshai vacui tau yuav luag ploj, thiab cov duab qhia chaw tau dhau los raug. Cov chaw uas tsis tau tshawb fawb tau pib pleev xim tas li.

7. "Tsov rog Roses"

Qhov kev ua tiav zoo kawg ntawm Game of Thrones series (thiab phau ntawv nws tau ua raws) tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam lub zog tiag. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, Lub Tsev ntawm Lancaster thiab York tau tawm tsam kom muaj hwjchim kav tau ze li 30 xyoo (tom qab ntawd hu ua "Tsov Rog Ntawm Roses") Ob tog ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau ua rau muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thiab zoo tshaj ntawm daim duab.

Canterbury Scroll tau tsim los ntawm ib sab ntawm qhov tsis sib haum thiab ntxiv los ntawm lwm qhov. 5-meter Canterbury Scroll yog tus lej zoo ntawm cov lus dab neeg pib ntawm Askiv ua ntej Tsov Rog Ntawm Roses. Nws tau suav sau los ntawm Lub Tsev ntawm Lancaster hauv 1420s. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, nws tau txais los ntawm Yorkists, uas tau rov sau qee cov ntawv.

Nws tau muaj nyob hauv University of Canterbury hauv New Zealand rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias tseem muaj qhov tsis pub lwm tus paub ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas. Lawv npaj yuav siv cov txheej txheem tshiab xws li pom kev zoo dua txhawm rau nrhiav cov kab lus zais hauv xyoo 2018.

8. Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum Mini

Thaum lub xyoo pua 13th, ntau txhiab phau ntawv me me tau tsim uas tuaj yeem nqa hauv hnab tshos. Cov phau ntawv me me tau tsim los siv thev naus laus zis uas tam sim no tsis paub. Txawm hais tias cov nplooj ntawv tau ua los ntawm tawv, lawv tau ua rau nyias nyias thiab tau lees tias yog ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij menyuam hauv plab. Tab sis cov naj npawb ntawm cov phau ntawv ua qhov no ua tsis tau.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau kwv yees tias cov khoom siv tawv nqaij rau cov phau ntawv yog luav, nas, thiab nas. Tab sis nws muab tawm tias nplooj ntawv tsis tau ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm nas, tab sis los ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm nyuj, tshis thiab yaj. Qhov no daws tau ib qho ntawm qhov kev paub tsis meej tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej xovxwm (Phau ntawv tau sau ntawv sau). Txawm hais tias qee qhov ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav raug coj los ntawm cov tsiaj hauv plab, qhov no tsis tau lees paub rau feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv.

Qhov no tau nug cov lus nug ntawm cov nplooj ntawv uas nyuaj npaum li cas dhau 800 xyoo tuaj yeem ua tau nyias (qee qhov tuab 0.03 hli). Tab sis los ntawm lub sijhawm medieval cov peev txheej pib sau cov txheej txheem rau tsim nplooj ntawv, cov txheej txheem twb ploj lawm.

9. Tolis-shada qhov ntxa

Hauv xyoo 2017, lub pob zeb pob zeb tau mob siab rau tus txiv neej muaj zog thiab kev tawm tsam rau lub zog tau pom hauv Mongolian steppe. Nws suav nrog 14 tus ncej nyob ib ncig ntawm 1,300-xyoo-sarcophagus, uas tam sim no tsis muaj dab tsi. Zoo li kab ntawv, nws tau npog nrog Turkic kev sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib tus neeg.

Tau ntau pua xyoo ua ntej Genghis Khan, tus neeg no tus thib ob tsuas yog tus kav, Kagan Bilge Khan Bogy (kav East Turkic Kaganate xyoo 716-734). Ntawm tus ncej nws tau sau tias tus neeg tuag tau tuav lub npe "yagbu" ("tus tswv xeev tus tswv xeev"). Tom qab lom Bilge, tus txiv neej tau nce mus rau "tolis-shad" ("tus kav ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj"). Kev tua neeg no tau hais nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, thiab nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias tus tswv xeev xav li cas hauv nws.

10. "Phau Ntawv Dub ntawm Carmarthen"

Cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws uas hais txog King Arthur thiab Merlin yog Phau Ntawv Dub ntawm Carmarthen. Phau ntawv tau txiav txim siab sau los ntawm cov paj huam los ntawm tiam 9th-12th. Xyoo 2015, cov nplooj ntawv tau tshuaj xyuas siv lub teeb ci ultraviolet thiab kho duab.

Txhawm rau zoo siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, lawv pom qee yam uas tsis pom qhov muag. Ntawm kab ntawv tau zais tib neeg lub ntsej muag thiab paj huam. Tsis tas li, cov ntawv tau sau tseg hauv cov npoo los ntawm cov neeg nyeem nruab nrab (feem ntau yog qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th). Cov ntawv sau yog cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws hauv Welsh puag ncig 1250 AD.

Tej zaum nws tau tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg sau uas sau cov paj huam txog Welsh cov dab neeg hauv zej zog thiab cov lus dab neeg ntawm Tsaus Ntuj. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Phau Ntawv Dub yog nws qhia li cas tias txawm tias kawm tau ntawv zoo tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab muaj txiaj ntsig.

Zoo siab hnub no thiab 10 qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm txij thaum ub uas ua rau koj luag ntxhi hnub no.