Cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm paub qhov twg los ntawm phau ntawv qub Herculaneum, thiab Qhov kev tshawb pom no tuaj yeem hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb li cas

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Kev nto npe nrov ntawm Mount Vesuvius hauv 79 AD puas tsuaj tsis yog tsuas yog lub nroog ancient Pompeii. Herculaneum ntug dej hiav txwv yog thawj zaug raug kub hnyiab thiab raug tshem tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Hauv lub nroog qub no yog thaj av ntawm Lucius Calpurnius Piso, leej txiv ntawm Julius Caesar. Tus tswv xeev no muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv nplua nuj, uas cov kws tshaj lij hu ua Villa ntawm Papyri. Hmoov tsis zoo, txhua phau ntawv qub tau hlawv tag thiab nyeem tsis tau. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom txoj hauv kev. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv txav ntawm Herculaneum nthuav tawm rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no?

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm phau ntawv Herculaneum

Hauv tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Lucius Calpurnia Piso muaj ntau dua ib txhiab yim puas phau ntawv ntawm papyri. Lawv tau hloov mus rau hauv cov pob dub uas tau hlawv. Thaum kawg, lawv tau txiav txim siab ua tsaug rau kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis.

Cov ntawv qub no yog cov tsev qiv ntawv muaj sia nyob loj tshaj los ntawm Greco-Roman era. Lawv tau tshawb pom los ntawm Karl Weber, uas yog tus coj thawj txoj cai khawb av ntawm Pompeii thiab Herculaneum. Lawv pib xyoo 1749. Nws yog ib tus ntawm thawj zaug thiab ua qeeb qeeb thiab ua tib zoo, sim txuag ntau li ntau tau. Hmoov tsis zoo, tag nrho nws txoj kev sim tshem tawm papyri tau ua tsis tiav. Weber txiav cov kab ntawv ntsug hauv kev sim cais cov nplooj ntawv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, feem ntau ntawm cov canvas tau ploj. Txhua qhov kev sim nyeem cov ntawv tau rhuav tshem cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua li tau txais.

Lo lus tshiab hauv kev kawm cov ntawv qub

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Kentucky, coj los ntawm Xib Fwb Brent Sils, tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Chaw Pom Kev Pom Kev thiab Ib puag ncig Ib puag ncig, nrog rau Pob Zeb Diamond Lub Teeb los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv, tau ua lwm txoj hauv kev. Lawv tau foob pob rau cov ntawv nrog lub zog X-rays siab. Txhua cov ntaub ntawv raug tshuaj xyuas siv lub khoos phis tawj sau los ntawm Dr. Sills. Nws tau pab kom paub txog tus lej uas siv los tsim cov ntawv.

Tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias ua li no cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov ntawv yuav pom tam sim. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nqes tuaj yeem pom nrog qhov pom meej dua yav dhau los. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov ntawv kom raug, koj xav tau cov qib kom ntxaws los qhia tawm cov txheej txheej uas tau nrawm heev uas cov ntawv sau nyob. Ib lub khoos phis tawj tsim los ntawm Dr. Seels thiab nws pab neeg muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov cim cim cim no. Nws tuaj yeem cob qhia lub khoos phis tawj algorithm kom paub nws - pixel los ntawm pixel, hauv cov duab ntawm qhib tawg.

Cov ntawv Herculaneum (Herculaneum Papyri) tau khaws cia hauv National Library of Naples (Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli). Brent Seals tau sim nkag mus rau cov kab ntawv no tau kaum peb xyoos. Txhua lub tsev qiv ntawv uas cov papyri tau khaws cia tsis kam nws. Thaum kawg, tus kws kho mob ua tiav hauv kev tau txais kev tso cai los ntawm Institut de France, tus tswv ntawm rau daim ntawv me, los kawm peb ntu me me. Lawv yog los ntawm ob peb papyri uas tau raug puas tsuaj thaum sim nthuav tawm lawv.

Tom qab Dr. Seels muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab tias muaj cov hmoov txhuas tsawg nyob hauv tus number case ntawm qee cov ntawv, Institut de France tau muab nws nkag tau rau ob daim papyri. Tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas nrog lub khoos phis tawj CT scanner siab, tus number case tsis pom raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau cia siab. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau siv ob xyoos ntawm Google Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci hauv Paris. Nyob ntawd nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov txheej txheem los txhais cov ntaub ntawv tsis meej uas tau siv tomography tom qab thiab X-ray theem sib piv tomography.

Ua tub rog nrog lub thev naus laus zis tshiab no thiab tus tuav Artec Space Spider scanner, Dr. Seals tau mus rau Bodleian Libraries ntawm Oxford University. Nyob ntawd nws vam tias yuav tshuaj xyuas ib feem ntawm ib qho ntawv. Tom qab lub hlis ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv Kentucky, Dr. Seals rov qab los rau tebchaws Askiv thiab siv Pob Zeb Diamond Light Source particle accelerator.

Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub tseem yuav nthuav tawm ntau yam kev xav tsis thoob

Brent Seals tuaj yeem ua pov thawj rau hauv chav sib tham uas muaj neeg coob nyob hauv Oxford tias nws txoj kev ua haujlwm tau zoo. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau nthuav tawm daim duab 3D uas pom ib nplooj ntawv. Yav dhau los nws tau txiav txim siab kiag li tsis yooj yim sua kom cais lawv. Dr. Seals qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo tau txais los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntawv qub. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav siv cov thev naus laus zis no hauv ntau txhiab tus ntawv uas tsis tuaj yeem tshuaj xyuas vim lawv lub xeev puas.

Raws li Sils, dab tsi tau nyeem ntawm kab ntawv qhia tias cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia ntawm Epicurus (Epicureanism) tuaj yeem sau rau lawv. Lub tswv yim no tau nthuav dav hauv Rome txij thaum pib ntawm 1st xyoo pua BC. Cov ntawv sau kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov ntawv Latin. Qhov kev xav no yog ua raws qhov tseeb tias cov tsev qiv ntawv Roman ib txwm muaj ob qho lus Greek thiab ntu Latin. Tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm Herculaneum cov ntawv sau tau sau ua lus Latin. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias feem ntau ntawm lawv los ntawm ntu Latin tseem tsis tau raug khawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm.

Tus kws kho mob papyrologist los ntawm University of Oxford, Dr. Dirk Obbink, uas koom nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb no, pom zoo nrog qhov kev xav no. Nws hais tias tsuas yog ob xyoos dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb pom ib qho ntawm Seneca tus Txwj Laug uas tsis tau paub dua. Ib tus tuaj yeem tsuas yog kwv yees dab tsi lwm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pom tau zoo ua ntej rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Obbink vam tias cov ntawv yuav muaj cov haujlwm ploj ntev thiab. Piv txwv li, paj huam los ntawm Sappho lossis ntawv sau los ntawm Mark Antony, sau los ntawm nws txog nws tus kheej qaug cawv.

Gregory Hayworth, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Rochester hauv New York, tau hais tias: "Peb yuav hloov lub canon. Kuv xav tias cov neeg tiam tom ntej yuav muaj daim duab sib txawv kiag li ntawm cov khoom qub."

Yog tias koj txaus siab rau lub ncauj lus, nyeem peb kab lus foom tsis zoo ntawm Pompeii thaum ub: vim li cas cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws rov tuaj nyiag cov khoom cuav tuaj ntxias.