Augustus Pugin - tus kws tsim vaj tsev nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19 uas npau suav ntawm nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab tsim Big Ben

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov pauv kev lag luam, nyob rau lub sijhawm haus luam yeeb tsheb thiab nthuav tawm ntawm kev ua tiav kev lag luam, nws mob siab rau rov qab Askiv mus rau Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab nws cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig - rau cov ntseeg tseeb. Kev sib hlub thiab npau suav, Augustus Pugin tau tuav tes hauv kev tsim cov tsev tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Askiv, tsis xav tau koob meej lossis hmoov zoo rov qab los …

Thirties ntawm XIX caug xyoo - lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov pauv: kev nom kev tswv, kev coj noj coj ua, kev tshawb fawb … Mob siab rau rau cov tswv yim kev coj noj coj ua tau cuam tshuam rau tib neeg los ntawm bohemians mus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ib nrab paub ntawv thiab cov neeg nyob qis qis. London tab tom hnoos rau qhov pos huab los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw tsim khoom. Kev tsim kho tshiab tshwm sim txhua hnub, yog tias tsis yog txhua txhua ob, qee qhov uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm keeb kwm, lwm tus - kom nyob twj ywm tsis meej pem. Cov tsheb tau nce mus - eerie, haus luam yeeb, rumbling …

Kev kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog tus tswj hwm los ntawm eclecticism, qhov loj, ua qauv zoo nkauj Georgian, hais txog keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab kev xav txawv. London architecture muaj, qhov tseeb, hauv ob lub tswv yim: nws yog lub tsev nplua nuj ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj nrog cov stucco thiab kab - thiab cov dab neeg tsis zoo nyob ntawm cov neeg pluag. Ntau tus kws kes duab vajtse, kws tsim txuj ci thiab kws kos duab tau nrhiav txoj hauv kev los ntawm qhov xwm txheej no, sim daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev zoo li Great Britain. Tab sis ob peb ntawm lawv tau ua phem li Augustus Pugin.

Augustus Weltby Northmore Pugin yug hauv xyoo 1812 hauv tsev neeg ntawm Fab Kis cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Charles Auguste Pugin, tus kws kes duab vajtse, tus kws qhia ntawv, tus kws kos duab thiab tus kws kos duab uas tau txiav txim siab Fab Kis Kev Tawm Tsam thiab rhuav tshem vaj ntxwv los ua qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej. Mob rau qhov zoo nkauj, tab sis poob yav dhau los, nws nqa tag nrho nws lub neej - nrog rau nws txuj ci txuj ci nws tau txais, tab sis nws tus tub txhais nws txawv.

Augustus Pugin loj hlob los saib xyuas nws txiv txoj haujlwm ua tus kws kos duab rau phau ntawv ntawm Gothic architecture.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum tsib xyoos, nws tau koom nrog tsim cov rooj tog rau Windsor Castle. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Royal Theatre hauv Covent Garden, kev npaj los npaj nws tus kheej rooj cob qhia, tsev kaw neeg nuj nqis, kev sib yuav zoo siab, kev tuag ntawm nws niam nws txiv, tus poj niam thiab … hloov mus rau Catholicism.

Nws yog lub zog txav hauv Protestant England, qhov twg, raws li cov lus qhia tsis ntev los no, kev sib deev sib deev yog qhov zoo dua rau kev sib yuav nrog Protestant. Tab sis Pugin tsis tau nres ntawm kev hloov mus rau Catholicism.

Thaum nees nkaum plaub, nws tau tshaj tawm ntawm nws tus kheej cov nuj nqis keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm "Sib piv" (lossis "Kev tawm tsam"). Nws piv tsis yog Gothic architecture nrog niaj hnub no, tab sis kuj tseem yog Protestantism nrog Catholicism, qhia tias nws kev poob qis hauv kev coj ncaj ncees cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau "kev xwm txheej ntawm Kev Hloov Kho".

Nws suav tias kev tsim vaj tsev yog kev qhia txog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg, thiab yog tias kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ntseeg txiav txim siab pom lub tsev zoo li cas, qhov ntawd kuj yog qhov tseeb - ib puag ncig hauv cov qauv ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov kho yuav ua rau muaj qhov tshiab, dawb huv, tus yam ntxwv ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab hloov tib neeg.

Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam, nrog nws cov tshuab fuming thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog, nws tau txiav txim siab qhov ncaj ncees ntawm Kev Hloov Kho. Yooj yim hais, Augustus Pugin tau thov kom rov txhim kho Tebchaws Askiv kom zoo dua qub raws li cov txheej txheem nruab nrab thiab yog li ua tib neeg rov qab los rau txoj kev yog.

Hauv nws txoj kev xav rov qab mus rau Nruab Nrab Nruab Nrab, Pugin nyob ze rau Nazarene kev txiav txim (ib lub zej zog ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab German nyob raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov rooj sib tham ua paj ntaub nruab nrab) thiab Pre-Raphaelite txav mus, tab sis mus txog qhov teeb meem nyob rau tib lub sijhawm naively thiab ntawm qhov loj dua.

Rau txhua qhov kev mob siab rau keeb kwm keeb kwm, Pugin ntseeg tias cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, txhawb nqa cov qauv, ntsia hlau thiab lwm yam txuas txuas yuav tsum tsis txhob dai kom zoo nkauj thiab zais - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nyob rau hauv medieval architecture lawv tau ua ob lub luag haujlwm thiab ua kom zoo nkauj.

Rau nws tus kheej, nws tus poj niam thiab menyuam thib ob, nws tau tsim lub tsev Gothic nto moo uas saib xyuas hiav txwv. Nws tau hais tias los ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv nws feem ntau pom cov nkoj hauv kev nyuaj siab thiab ib txwm npaj los cawm hauv nws lub nkoj "Carolina". Nws tau hais tias "Ib tus yuav tsum nyob rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev thiab lub nkoj," Rau cov neeg tsav nkoj raug mob, Pugin tau teeb tsa chaw nyob - ntawm nws tus kheej cov nuj nqis.

Nws tuaj yeem muab nws khau rau tus neeg thov khawv thiab txuas ntxiv mus ko taw, ua haujlwm zoo li tus txiv neej muaj, tab sis tsis tau caum qab cov nyiaj thiab tsis nrhiav kom paub cov neeg paub zoo. Thaum ua tiav nws txoj kev npau suav ntawm kev ntseeg Christian tiag, Augustus Pugin tau xav ua tus ntseeg tseeb nws tus kheej.

Txawm hais tias zoo li qhov tsis muaj tseeb - mus rau yav dhau los! - nws qhov kev xav tau cuam tshuam nrog Catholics xav tau lawv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv tebchaws Askiv. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb caug, nws tau tsim daim ntawv thiab kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv tsawg kawg yog nees nkaum ob lub tsev teev ntuj thiab peb lub tsev teev ntuj.

Xyoo 1830s, Pugin tau ua haujlwm nrog tus kws kes duab vajtse Charles Barry los tsim lub tsev sib tham hauv tebchaws Askiv hauv London - nws tsim ntau dua ib txhiab daim duab ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.

Pugin, tus kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws, tsim cov khoom zoo nkauj rau lub qhov rais iav qhov muag, textiles, vuas, ntawv ntsa - txhua yam nrog qhov sib txawv nruab nrab medieval.

Xyoo 1851 nws ua haujlwm ntawm Medieval Courtyard rau Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees, tab sis lub tsev tseem ceeb hauv Augustus Pugin lub neej yog ua ntej.

Charles Barry, uas tau ua tiav kev tsim kho Westminster Palace tom qab hluav taws kub thaum xyoo 1852, tig mus rau Pugin kom tau txais kev pab - ib lub yees tsis ua haujlwm. Tsuas yog ua ntej ntawd, Pugin tau siv sijhawm ntau lub hlis nyob hauv lub tsev vwm rau tus neeg mob hlwb, qhov uas nws tau xaus vim yog "kev poob siab" - kab lus tsis meej no zais qhov raug txim ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, thiab kev nyuaj siab vim tuag ntawm nws tus poj niam thib ob, thiab teeb meem kev nco, thiab, Raws li Raws li qee tus kws tshawb fawb, cov kab mob neuro ntawm tus mob syphilis, uas hauv tebchaws Askiv xyoo ntawd tau yooj yim kom kis tus kab mob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm enlightenment - los yog los saum ntuj los illumination? - Pujin tau kos cov duab silhouette ntawm lub moos ntauwd …

Nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub caug, tsis tau pom dua ntawm nws txoj kev npaj thiab tsis paub tias nws tsim los ua "daim npav hu" tiag ntawm Great Britain.

Augustus Pugin cov keeb kwm yog ntau pawg ntseeg Catholic thoob plaws tebchaws Askiv, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev ntseeg, cov tswv yim tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, cov tsev tseem ceeb uas tau dhau los ua Askiv "hom", thiab ob tug tub uas txuas ntxiv nws txiv txoj haujlwm.