Dab tsi yog phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv txhais lus uas xav tau kom nkag siab keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no

2024 Tus sau: Richard Flannagan | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 00:06

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb dhau los, thiab cov kab lus hauv phau encyclopedias thiab phau ntawv txhais lus kawg 10 - 15 xyoo. Hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Wikipedia, cov ntawv siv tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, Wikipedia, thaum hloov kho nrawm dua, yog tsis sib xws. Muaj cov ntawv zoo thiab muaj cov uas tsis muaj zog. Thiab tseem, peb muaj dab tsi niaj hnub no hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Thaum Ntxov?

Peb twb tau hais lawm phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv dab tsi koj yuav tsum tau nyeem kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no, thiab tam sim no nws yog tig ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv txhais lus. Yuav luag txhua phau ntawv hauv cov txheej no twb dhau los ua tsawg.

1. Lub ntiaj teb nruab nrab hauv nqe lus, npe thiab npe. - Minsk, Belarus. E. D. Smirnova L. P. Sushkevich V. A. Fedosik. 1999

Kev tshaj tawm ntawm Belarusian keeb kwm keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig, ua ntej tshaj plaws, rau cov uas kawm. Phau ntawv txhais lus me me nrog cov ntaub ntawv siv tau yooj yim heev. Qee zaum cov kab lus tau ua raws cov kab ntawv luv tshaj plaws. Classical periodization - V - XV centuries. Tab sis muaj cov npe, thiab cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov npe. Yog li yog tias koj twb lossis tseem tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev sib cav, Karl qhov phem los ntawm Karl the Bold, tsis nco qab hnub tim ntawm kev kav ntawm txhua lub tebchaws tseem ceeb nyob sab Europe, tshwj xeeb, koj tsis meej pem Almoravids nrog Almohads, tom qab ntawd koj zoo siab - koj nyob ntawm no.

Nyob hauv tsev kawm qib siab, peb tau dhau qhov kev ntsuas qhov ncauj qhov ncauj sib cais rau Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog, thiab yam tsis muaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm no nws yuav ua tsis tau kiag li. Peb tus kws qhia tshwj xeeb qhia phau ntawv txhais lus no. Qhov kev xeem tau ntev thiab zoo li txaus ntshai, thiab txawm hais tias kuv dhau los nws ua tiav, kev nco tseem nyuaj. Kuv xav tias qee tus ntawm kuv cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm tseem nco tau phau ntawv ntxim hlub no thiab ua siab ncaj ntxub nws, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Nws tsis phem. Kuv qhia.

2. Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Medieval Culture, kho los ntawm A. Ya. Gurevich. M. 2003

Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom, cov ntawv tshaj tawm no yog kab tias muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam uas peb tham txog niaj hnub no. Lub sijhawm raws sijhawm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tau teev tseg hauv nws raws li tag nrho cov kev cai ib yam li xyoo 5th - 15th. Geography tseem yog Western Europe. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txhais tsis yog qhov qub, raws li txheej txheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tsim nyob rau Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog, tab sis ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm keeb kwm anthropology, uas tus sau phau ntawv no phau ntawv yog. Lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi? Qhov tseeb yog cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, kawm "tib neeg txheej thaum ub", ua tib zoo mloog qhov tseeb tias hauv cov zej zog no txhua txoj hauv kev hauv lub neej tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo, thiab nws tsis yooj yim sua, piv txwv li, cais kev kawm txog kev lag luam ntawm qee pawg neeg hauv kev cais tawm ntawm worldview ntawm cov neeg no. Yog li, lub tswv yim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua pib suav nrog "txhua yam kev ruaj khov ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej hauv ib pab pawg, nrog rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm pab pawg me hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog" (p. 6). Txoj hauv kev no tau cuam tshuam rau keeb kwm keeb kwm - ua ntej ntawm txhua tus neeg nruab nrab nruab nrab, tshwj xeeb yog cov tsim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nto moo ntawm "Annals" Mark Blok thiab Lucien Febvre, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv cov thwjtim.

Nov yog qhov kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev txhim kho keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo pua 20th. Ib "keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb tshiab" tau tshwm sim: keeb kwm kev lag luam tshiab, keeb kwm kev nom kev tswv tshiab, keeb kwm kev sib raug zoo tshiab, keeb kwm kev xav, keeb kwm ntawm kev xav, thiab lwm yam Thaum lub sijhawm luam tawm (txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav tiav xyoo 1999, txawm hais tias phau ntawv tau luam tawm tsuas yog xyoo 2003) phau ntawv tsis yog tshwj xeeb rau Lavxias, tab sis tseem rau kev tshawb fawb ntiaj teb nruab nrab. Ib txhij nrog nws, cov ntawv zoo sib xws tau luam tawm nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob, kho los ntawm Jacques Le Goff thiab Jean-Claude Schmitt.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov no yog qhov tseeb phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov tswv yim nruab nrab thiab qhov tseeb, tsis yog phau encyclopedia. Tsis muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb hais txog tib neeg ntawm no tshwj xeeb. Phau ntawv no muaj cov lus hais ua ntej zoo los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv xov xwm A. Ya. Gurevich, uas, ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, hais txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev muaj kev ywj pheej thiab qee yam lwm pawg ntawm European Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Piv txwv li, cia peb nkag mus thawj zaug hauv phau ntawv txhais lus - "Autobiography". Kab lus hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm hom no los ntawm kev sau keeb kwm ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub xyoo pua puv 19, hais txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntawv sau keeb kwm keeb kwm los ntawm "Kev lees paub" ntawm St. Augustine rau cov ntawv ntawm Renaissance.

Txawm hais tias rau tus neeg uas muaj keeb kwm kev kawm, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog qhov tshiab thiab nthuav heev. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig tom qab kab lus. Kuv pom zoo phau ntawv no rau txhua tus. Kev nyeem ntawv no tsis lom zem, tab sis nthuav heev thiab muaj txiaj ntsig.

3. Keeb kwm Lexicon. Keeb kwm hauv tib neeg thiab xwm txheej. V-XIII ib. Ntim 1-2. M. 2006. / Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm. Keeb kwm hauv tib neeg thiab xwm txheej. XIV -XVI ib Ntim 1-2. M.2006. / Keeb kwm Lexicon. Keeb kwm hauv tib neeg thiab xwm txheej. XVII xyoo M. 2006

Nov yog phau encyclopedia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Qhov zoo tshaj, tau kawg, koj yuav tsum muaj tag nrho cov kab lus ntawm "Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm", tab sis qhov no tsis yooj yim dua. Koj tus tub qhe txo hwj chim nyob rau ib lub sijhawm xav tau ntim ntawm 17th caug xyoo (cov ntaub ntawv hais txog pirate Henry Morgan xav tau), tab sis nws yeej tsis tau txais rau lwm tus.

Raws li lub npe cuam tshuam, peb tab tom tham txog phau ntawv txhais lus encyclopedic - cov ntawv sau keeb kwm thiab cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb. Tsis yog Europe nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob ntiaj teb. Cov ntawv raug faib ua pawg. Nrov science style - nco txog kev sau ntawv, tab sis cov ntawv yog ua raws cov ntaub ntawv zoo thiab sau los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hnyav.

Nov yog qhov xwm txheej thaum cov ntaub ntawv hais qhia zoo li zoo siab thiab yooj yim nyeem thiab dhau los, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog thaum xav tau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb. Kuv xav qhia tsis yog menyuam yaus nkaus xwb.

4. Keeb kwm ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab: Encyclopedia ntawm Umberto Eco. M. 2015. / Kev vam meej ntawm Hnub Nyoog Kawg. Encyclopedia kho los ntawm Umberto Eco. M. 2016

Kuv yuav pib nrog qhov tu siab. Cov phau ntawv tshiab, nws tsis nyuaj heev kom tau txais, tab sis cov no yog cov phau ntawv kim heev. Kuv tus kheej tsis tau tso cai rau kuv tus kheej los yuav lawv. Qhov tseeb dua, nrog cov nyiaj tso tseg rau ib ntawm lawv, Kuv yuav plaub daim duab. Txawm li cas los xij, Kuv tau tswj xyuas los ntawm lawv me ntsis. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog qhov zoo nkauj heev thiab muaj ntaub ntawv zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nrov.

Thawj phau ntawv tau mob siab rau feem ntau yog keeb kwm kev nom kev tswv ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Qhov thib ob - rau tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab raws li kev vam meej los ntawm kev txhim kho zej zog thiab kev lag luam mus rau lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev xav ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Ob phau ntawv ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus no yog ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Italis coj los ntawm Umberto Eco los tsim ntau phau ntawv qhia txog ntau yam ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov no yog cov phau ntawv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Italian, thiab lawv kuj tsis tshua muaj luam tawm hauv Russia.

Lub npe ntawm tus editor-in-chief ntseeg kuv tias qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Umberto Eco, alas, uas tau ncaim lub ntiaj teb no hauv 2016, yog tus kws sau ntawv nto moo uas nws cov dab neeg thiab cov ntawv sau kuv pom zoo kom ua cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Tab sis nws kuj yog tus kws tshaj lij thiab kws kho mob nruab nrab, tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua kom zoo nkauj nruab nrab thiab tsis yog nkaus xwb. Tias yog vim li cas nws cov ntawv sau yog nyob rau qib siab txog qib txuj ci thiab kev txawj ntse uas qee zaum nws nyuaj rau nyeem lawv. Ib daim duab ntawm qhov loj no, Kuv vam tias, lav tau qhov zoo, tab sis koj tseem yuav tsum nkag siab tias, zoo li txhua qhov kev tshaj tawm uas muaj npe nplua nuj, cov no yog ntau txoj hauv kev lom zem cov phau ntawv. Kuv pom zoo yam tsawg ib nrab thiab tsis nyob hauv. Ntawm lwm yam, cov no yog khoom plig zoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb nyob ib leeg rau kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog yuav tsis txaus, nco ntsoov pom phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv dab tsi koj yuav tsum tau nyeem kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no.